Mapping and Analysis Experiment on Film Thickness Reducing in Gas Diffusion Layers of PEM Fuel Cell

Ramli Sitanggang

Abstract


One way to reduce the cost of making PEM Fuel Cells is to reduce the thickness of the layer. The layer is located between GDL and PEMFC electrode. This layer, to refute the electrode, is expressed with thickness, porosity, pore diameter, active surface area. In this working paper, the results of the thin film research results have been mapped and the results of the tests are to determine the characteristics of the thin layer thickness reduction. The mapping and analysis results were obtained at thicknesses ranging from 250 µm. In testing the thickness of 250 µm can still be reduced by a spray machine of 145 µm with a carbon density of about 2 mg cm-2 , but PEMFC's performance is smaller than the achievement of 250 µm thick.

Keywords


lapisan tipis GDL; pengurangan lapisan; carbon density; ukuran lapisan; prestasi lapisan tipis

References


Amphlett, J.C., R.F. Mann, B.A. Peppley, P.R. Roberge, and A. Rodrigues. 1995. “Practical PEM Fuel Cell Model for Simulating Vehicle Power Sources.” In Proceedings of the Annual Battery Conference.

Antolini, E, R.R Passos, and E.a Ticianelli. 2002. “Effects of the Carbon Powder Characteristics in the Cathode Gas Diffusion Layer on the Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells.” Journal of Power Sources 109 (2): 477–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00112-X.

Antolini, Ermete, Raimundo R. Passos, and Edson A. Ticianelli. 2002. “Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction on a Carbon Supported Platinum-Vanadium Alloy in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells.” Electrochimica Acta 48 (3): 263–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00644-8.

Baldauf, M., and W. Preidel. 1999. “Status of the Development of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell.” Journal of Power Sources 84 (2): 161–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00332-8.

Baschuk, J.J, and Xianguo Li. 2000. “Modelling of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with Variable Degrees of Water Flooding.” Journal of Power Sources 86 (1): 181–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00426-7.

Bazylak, A. 2009. “Liquid Water Visualization in PEM Fuel Cells: A Review.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (9). Elsevier Ltd: 3845–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.084.

Benziger, Jay, James Nehlsen, David Blackwell, Tom Brennan, and Johannah Itescu. 2005. “Water Flow in the Gas Diffusion Layer of PEM Fuel Cells.” Journal of Membrane Science 261 (1–2): 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.049.

Berning, T., D.M. Lu, and N. Djilali. 2002. “Three-Dimensional Computational Analysis of Transport Phenomena in a PEM Fuel Cell.” Journal of Power Sources 106 (1): 284–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01057-6.

Bessette, Russell R, Maria G Medeiros, Charles J Patrissi, Craig M Deschenes, and Christopher N Lafratta. 2001. “Development and Characterization of a Novel Carbon ® Ber Based Cathode for Semi-Fuel Cell Applications.” Journal of Power Sources 96: 240–44.

Ceraolo, M., C. Miulli, and A. Pozio. 2003. “Modelling Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells on the Basis of Electro-Chemical Description.” Journal of Power Sources 113 (1): 131–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00565-7.

Chan, S. H., and H. M. Wang. 2004. “Thermodynamic and Kinetic Modelling of an Autothermal Methanol Reformer.” Journal of Power Sources 126 (1–2): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.08.016.

Chang, Paul, Gwang Soo Kim, Keith Promislow, and Brian Wetton. 2007. “Reduced Dimensional Computational Models of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stacks.” Journal of Computational Physics 223 (2): 797–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2006.10.011.

Chen, Jinhua, Toyoaki Matsuura, and Michio Hori. 2004. “Novel Gas Diffusion Layer with Water Management Function for PEMFC.” Journal of Power Sources 131 (1–2): 155–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.01.007.

Chen, Li, Hui-Bao Luan, Ya-Ling He, and Wen-Quan Tao. 2012. “Pore-Scale Flow and Mass Transport in Gas Diffusion Layer of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell with Interdigitated Flow Fields.” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 51. Elsevier Masson SAS: 132–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.08.003.

Chu, Deryn, and Rongzhong Jiang. 1999. “Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell PEMFC Stacks Part I. Evaluation and Simulation of an Air-Breathing PEMFC Stack.” Journal of Power Sources 83: 128–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00285-2.

Chu, Hsin S., Chung Yeh, and Falin Chen. 2003. “Effects of Porosity Change of Gas Diffuser on Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell.” Journal of Power Sources 123 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00605-5.

Cindrella, L., A. M. Kannan, J. F. Lin, K. Saminathan, Y. Ho, C. W. Lin, and J. Wertz. 2009. “Gas Diffusion Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells-A Review.” Journal of Power Sources 194 (1): 146–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.04.005.

Daud, Wan R W, Abu Bakar, Abdul Amir, H Kadhum, Rachid Chebbi, and Sunny E Iyuke. 2004. “Performance Optimisation of PEM Fuel Cell during MEA Fabrication” 45: 3239–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.01.011.

Eisman, G.A. 1990. “The Application of Dow Chemical’s Perfluorinated Membranes in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.” Journal of Power Sources 29 (3–4): 389–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(90)85012-2.

Escudero, M. J., E. Hontañón, S. Schwartz, M. Boutonnet, and L. Daza. 2002. “Development and Performance Characterisation of New Electrocatalysts for PEMFC.” Journal of Power Sources 106 (1–2): 206–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01040-0.

Frey, Th, and M. Linardi. 2004. “Effects of Membrane Electrode Assembly Preparation on the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Performance.” Electrochimica Acta 50 (1): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.07.017.

Fuller, Thomas F., and John Newman. 1993. “Water and Thermal Management in Solid‐Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cells.” Electrochemical Society 140 (5): 1218–25.

Gamburzev, Sergei, and A.John Appleby. 2002. “Recent Progress in Performance Improvement of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC).” Journal of Power Sources 107 (1): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00970-3.

Gasteiger, H. A., J. E. Panels, and S. G. Yan. 2004. “Dependence of PEM Fuel Cell Performance on Catalyst Loading.” Journal of Power Sources 127 (1–2): 162–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.013.

Ge, Shan Hai, and Bao Lian Yi. 2003. “A Mathematical Model for PEMFC in Different Flow Modes.” Journal of Power Sources 124 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00584-6.

Gostick, Jeff T., Marios A. Ioannidis, Michael W. Fowler, and Mark D. Pritzker. 2007. “Pore Network Modeling of Fibrous Gas Diffusion Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells.” Journal of Power Sources 173 (1): 277–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.059.

Grujicic, M., J. R. Saylor, D. E. Beasley, W. S. DeRosset, and D. Helfritch. 2003. “Computational Analysis of the Interfacial Bonding between Feed-Powder Particles and the Substrate in the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process.” Applied Surface Science 219 (3–4): 211–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(03)00643-3.

Gülzow, E, M Schulze, N Wagner, T Kaz, R Reissner, G Steinhilber, and A Schneider. 2000. “Dry Layer Preparation and Characterisation of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Components.” Journal of Power Sources 86 (1–2): 352–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00451-6.

Gurau, Vladimir, Frano Barbir, and Hongtan Liu. 2000. “An Analytical Solution of a Half‐Cell Model for PEM Fuel Cells.” Electrochemical Society 147 (7): 2468–77.

Haug, Andrew T., Ralph E. White, John W. Weidner, and Wayne Huang. 2002. “Development of a Novel CO Tolerant Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Anode.” Journal of The Electrochemical Society 149 (7): A862. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1479726.

Janssen, G. J M, and M. L J Overvelde. 2001. “Water Transport in the Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cell: Measurements of the Effective Drag Coefficient.” Journal of Power Sources 101 (1): 117–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00708-X.

Jen, Tien Chien, Tuanzhou Yan, and Shih Hung Chan. 2003. “Chemical Reacting Transport Phenomena in a PEM Fuel Cell.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (22): 4157–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(03)00253-9.

Johnson, R. 2001. “Performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 (8): 879–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00020-9.

Kalk, Th, F Mahlendorf, O Niemzig, A Trautmann, and J Roes. 2000. “Portable PEFC Generator with Propane as Fuel,” 166–72.

Kong, Chang Sun, Do Young Kim, Han Kyu Lee, Yong Gun Shul, and Tae Hee Lee. 2002. “Influence of Pore-Size Distribution of Diffusion Layer on Mass-Transport Problems of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.” Journal of Power Sources 108 (1–2): 185–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00028-9.

Krüger, Ph, H. Markötter, J. Haußmann, M. Klages, T. Arlt, J. Banhart, Ch Hartnig, I. Manke, and J. Scholta. 2011. “Synchrotron X-Ray Tomography for Investigations of Water Distribution.” Journal of Power Sources 196 (12): 5250–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.042.

Lee, W, J W Van Zee, and M Murthy. 2003. “ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER A Method for Characterizing CO Transients in a PEMFC,” no. 1: 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200331102.

Lim, Chan, and C. Y. Wang. 2004. “Effects of Hydrophobic Polymer Content in GDL on Power Performance of a PEM Fuel Cell.” Electrochimica Acta 49 (24): 4149–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.04.009.

Lin, Guangyu, Wensheng He, and Trung Van Nguyen. 2004. “Modeling Liquid Water Effects in the Gas Diffusion and Catalyst Layers of the Cathode of a PEM Fuel Cell.” Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151 (12): A1999. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1808633.

Lindermeir, A., G. Rosenthal, U. Kunz, and U. Hoffmann. 2004. “On the Question of MEA Preparation for DMFCs.” Journal of Power Sources 129 (2): 180–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.002.

Litster, S., and G. McLean. 2004. “PEM Fuel Cell Electrodes.” Journal of Power Sources 130 (1–2): 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.055.

Liu, Renxuan, and Eugene S. Smotkin. 2002. “Array Membrane Electrode Assemblies for High Throughput Screening of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Anode Catalysts.” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 535 (1–2): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(02)01144-0.

Lu, Jian, Wenhao Huang, Zhimin Ping, and Precision Machinery. 2001. “Preparation of Thick PZT Film by Electrostatic Spray Deposition (ESD) for the Application in Micro-System Technology.” Departement of Precision Machinery and Instrum, Univ of Sci and Tech of China. 184 (1882): 200–201.

Lufrano, F, I Gatto, P Staiti, V Antonucci, and E Passalacqua. 2001. “Sulfonated Polysulfone Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells,” 0–4.

Marr, Curtis, and Xianguo Li. 1999. “Composition and Performance Modelling of Catalyst Layer in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell.” Journal of Power Sources 77 (1): 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00161-X.

Matsuura, Toyoaki, Megumi Kato, and Michio Hori. 2006. “Study on Metallic Bipolar Plate for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell.” Journal of Power Sources 161 (1): 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.064.

Mirzazadeh, J., E. Saievar-Iranizad, and L. Nahavandi. 2004. “An Analytical Approach on Effect of Diffusion Layer on ORR for PEMFCs.” Journal of Power Sources 131 (1–2): 194–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.096.

Monanteras, Nectarios C, and Christos A Frangopoulos. 1999. “Towards Synthesis Optimization of a Fuel-Cell Based Plant” 40.

Moreira, R., M. Havranek, and D. Sames. 2001. “New Fluorogenic Probes for Oxygen and Carbene Transfer: A Sensitive Assay for Single Bead-Supported Catalysts.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 123 (17): 3927–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja003786+.

Nakayama, T., H. Matsuda, K. Kimura, and H. Ino. 1997. “Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Electrical Conductivity of Fe-Dopedβ-Rhombohedral Boron.” Journal of Solid State Chemistry 133 (1). https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1997.7544.

Nam, Jin Hyun, and Massoud Kaviany. 2003. “Effective Diffusivity and Water-Saturation Distribution in Single- and Two-Layer PEMFC Diffusion Medium.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (24): 4595–4611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(03)00305-3.

Nguyen, Phong Thanh, Torsten Berning, and Ned Djilali. 2004. “Computational Model of a PEM Fuel Cell with Serpentine Gas Flow Channels.” Journal of Power Sources 130 (1–2): 149–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.027.

O’hayre, Ryan, Sang Joon Lee, Suk Won Cha, and Fritz B. Prinz. 2002. “A Sharp Peak in the Performance of Sputtered Platinum Fuel Cells at Ultra-Low Platinum Loading.” Journal of Power Sources 109 (2): 483–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00238-0.

Oedegaard, A., C. Hebling, A. Schmitz, S. Møller-Holst, and R. Tunold. 2004. “Influence of Diffusion Layer Properties on Low Temperature DMFC.” Journal of Power Sources 127 (1–2): 187–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.015.

Owejan, J. P., T. A. Trabold, D. L. Jacobson, M. Arif, and S. G. Kandlikar. 2007. “Effects of Flow Field and Diffusion Layer Properties on Water Accumulation in a PEM Fuel Cell.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 (17): 4489–4502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.05.044.

Owejan, J. P., T. A. Trabold, D. L. Jacobson, D. R. Baker, D. S. Hussey, and M. Arif. 2006. “In Situ Investigation of Water Transport in an Operating PEM Fuel Cell Using Neutron Radiography: Part 2 - Transient Water Accumulation in an Interdigitated Cathode Flow Field.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49 (25–26): 4721–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.07.004.

P., STAITI, HOCEVAR S., and PASSALACQUA E. 1997. “ACTIVITY AND STABILITY TESTS IN PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL.” JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES 65 (1–2): 281–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(97)81549-2.

Park, Sehkyu, Jong Won Lee, and Branko N. Popov. 2008. “Effect of PTFE Content in Microporous Layer on Water Management in PEM Fuel Cells.” Journal of Power Sources 177 (2): 457–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.055.

———. 2012. “A Review of Gas Diffusion Layer in PEM Fuel Cells: Materials and Designs.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 (7): 5850–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.148.

Pathapati, P. R., X. Xue, and J. Tang. 2005. “A New Dynamic Model for Predicting Transient Phenomena in a PEM Fuel Cell System.” Renewable Energy 30 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2004.05.001.

Paulus, U A, A Wokaun, G G Scherer, Paul Scherrer Institut, and Ch- Villigen Psi. 2002. “Oxygen Reduction on Carbon-Supported Pt - Ni and Pt - Co Alloy Catalysts,” no. 41: 4181–91.

Pozio, A, M De Francesco, A Cemmi, F Cardellini, and L Giorgi. 2002. “Comparison of High Surface Pt/C Catalysts by Cyclic Voltammetry.” Journal of Power Sources 105 (1): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00921-1.

Prasanna, M., H. Y. Ha, E. A. Cho, S. A. Hong, and I. H. Oh. 2004. “Influence of Cathode Gas Diffusion Media on the Performance of the PEMFCs.” Journal of Power Sources 131 (1–2): 147–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.01.030.

Rowe, Andrew, and Xianguo Li. 2001. “Mathematical Modeling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.” Journal of Power Sources 102 (1–2): 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00798-4.

Shi Chao, Zhang, Zhang Lan, and Yu Jinhua. 2011. “Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Polysulfide Polypyrrole.” Journal of Power Sources 196 (23). Elsevier B.V.: 10263–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.08.092.

Shimizu, Takahiro, Toshiyuki Momma, Mohamed Mohamedi, Tetsuya Osaka, and Srinivasan Sarangapani. 2004. “Design and Fabrication of Pumpless Small Direct Methanol Fuel Cells for Portable Applications.” Journal of Power Sources 137 (2): 277–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.06.008.

Sinha, Puneet K., and Chao-Yang Wang. 2008. “Liquid Water Transport in a Mixed-Wet Gas Diffusion Layer of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell.” Chemical Engineering Science 63 (4): 1081–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2007.11.007.

Sui, P.-C., L.-D. Chen, James P. Seaba, and Yoshinori Wariishi. 1999. “Modeling and Optimization of a PEMFC Catalyst Layer.” Journal of Engines-V108-3 539 (1): 11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0539.

Thampan, T., S. Malhotra, J. Zhang, and R. Datta. 2001. “PEM Fuel Cell as a Membrane Reactor.” Catalysis Today 67 (1–3): 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(01)00278-4.

Um, Sukkee, C Wang, and K S Chen. 2000. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells” 147 (12): 4485–93.

Wang, Lin, Attila Husar, Tianhong Zhou, and Hongtan Liu. 2003. “A Parametric Study of PEM Fuel Cell Performances.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 28 (11): 1263–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00284-7.

Wilson, Mahlon S, Fernando H Garzon, Kurt E Sickafus, and Shimshon Gottesfeld. 1993. “Surface Area Loss of Supported Platinum in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells” 140 (10): 2872–77.

Yamada, Koji, Kazuaki Yasuda, Hirohisa Tanaka, Yoshinori Miyazaki, and Tetsuhiko Kobayashi. 2003. “Effect of Anode Electrocatalyst for Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cell Using Proton Exchange Membrane.” Journal of Power Sources 122 (2): 132–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00440-3.

Yoon, Hee Sung, Seung Woo Choi, Dokyol Lee, and Byong Ho Kim. 2001. “Synthesis and Characterization of Gd1-xSrxMnO3 Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.” Journal of Power Sources 93 (1–2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00504-8.

Yoshitake, T., Y. Shimakawa, S. Kuroshima, H. Kimura, T. Ichihashi, Y. Kubo, D. Kasuya, et al. 2002. “Preparation of Fine Platinum Catalyst Supported on Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns for Fuel Cell Application.” Physica B: Condensed Matter 323 (1–4): 124–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(02)00871-2.

You, Lixin, and Hongtan Liu. 2002. “A Two-Phase Flow and Transport Model for the Cathode of PEM Fuel Cells.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (11): 2277–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00322-2.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.31315/e.v15i2.2453

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.

Article Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Metrics powered by PLOS ALM


Eksergi p-ISSN  1410-394X, e-ISSN 2460-8203,  is published by "Prodi Teknik Kimia UPN Veteran Yogyakarta".

Contact  Jl. SWK 104 (Lingkar Utara) Condong catur Sleman Yogyakarta

 

 Creative Commons License

Eksergi by http://jurnal.upnyk.ac.id/index.php/eksergi/index/ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

 

Lihat Statistik Jurnal Kami