RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT IN UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARDS IMMIGRANTS IN THE PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN ERA

Monica A. Setiady, Muharjono Muharjono

Abstract


This research aims to analyze United States policies towards immigrants under President Joe Biden that reflect Responsibility to Protect through the fulfillment of immigrants rights. Specifically, this research uses Jack Donnelly’s concept of Universal Human Rights to look at the fulfillment of immigrants human rights and bridge the concept of Responsibility to Protect, as well as Diane Stone’s concept of global public policy to analyze whether the United States’ policies towards immigrants heed international rules and norms that have been agreed upon by the world. With violence becoming an increasing concern in several countries, the United Nations and countries around the world, including the United States, passed the Responsibility to Protect resolution. This resolution advocates an increased role for states and the international community to respect human rights and protect civilian populations of any nationality from mass crimes. This research found that United States policies towards immigrants in the Biden era that reflect the Responsibility to Protect are in the form of canceling controversial policies of the previous era, re-enacting old policies, and new policies that are pro-immigrant, especially towards illegal immigrants who experience crimes against humanity or violence in their home countries.


Keywords


United States, Joe Biden, Immigrants, Responsibility to Protect, Policy

Full Text:

PDF

References


A Journey Toward Hope. (2015). Home Countries. 25 January 2024, retrieved from https://www.ajourneytowardhope.com/new-page.

Aljazeera. (2017, 30 March). Trump’s Border Wall Explained. 20 April 2024, retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/3/30/trumps-border-wall-explained

Amalia, A. R. Noor, S.M. Magassing, A. M. (2023). Kebijakan Zero Tolerance Amerika Serikat Di Era Donald Trump: Perspektif Hukum Internasional. Jurnal Risalah Kenotariatan, 4(1), 324-333.

Bakry, U.S. (2016). Metode Penelitian Hubungan Internasional. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Batalova, J. Hooker, S. Capps, R. Bachmeier, J. D. (2014). DACA At The Two-Year Mark: A National and State Profile of Youth Eligible and Applying for Deffered Action. Washington D.C: Migration Policy Institute.

Bredemeier, K. (2021, 02 February). Biden Signs Executive Orders Reversing Trump Immigration Policies. 16 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_biden-signs-executive-orders-reversing-trump-immigration-policies/6201520.html.

Breuninger, K. Higgins, T. (2018, 8 November). Trump Unveils Hard-line Immigration Policy That Limits Asylum. 19 October 2023, retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/08/trump-unveils-hard-line-immigration-policy-that-limits-asylum.html.

Camarota, S. A. Zeigler, K. (2023, 30 November). In October 2023, The Foreign-Born Share Was The Highest in History. 29 January 2024, retrieved from https://cis.org/Report/October-2023-ForeignBorn-Share-Was-Highest-History.

De Pena, K. Guerra, G. (2023, 20 September). Managing Mixed Migration in The 21st Century Through The Safe Mobility Offices Initiative. 24 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.niskanencenter.org/managing-mixed-migration-in-the-21st-century-through-the-safe-mobility-offices-initiative/.

Diaz, L. (2022, 25 March). Violence To Spur More Migration From Mexico, Central America-Red Cross. 30 January 2024, retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/violence-spur-more-migration-mexico-central-america-red-cross-2022-03-24/.

Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Edisi Ketiga. New York: Cornell University Press.

Eskridge, C. (2001). Mexican Cartels and Their Integration Into Mexican Socio-Political Culture. U.S Department of Justice Report. Retrieved from https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/mexican-cartels-and-their-integration-mexican-socio-political.

Evans, G. (2008). The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Facchini, G. Steinhardt, M. F. (2011). What Drives U.S. Immigration Policy? Evidence From Congressional Roll Call Votes. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7), 734-743.

Faret, L. (2020). Migration of Violence, Violence in Migration. The Vulnerabilities of Central American Populations Going North (translated by Katherine Booth and Alexandra Pomeon O’Neill). Revue Européenne Des Migrations Internationales Journal. 36(1), 1-20.

Galvez, C. M. (2021, 01 March). Biden Administration Scrambles To Expand Housing Space For Migrant Children Amid Sharp Increase In Border Apprehensions. 24 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-administration-scrambles-to-expand-housing-space-for-migrant-children-amid-sharp-increase-in-border-apprehensions/.

Isacson, A. (2023, 25 August). Weekly U.S.-Mexico Border Update: July Migration, Texas Buoys on Trial, Matamoros Encampment. 23 September 2023, retrieved from https://www.wola.org/2023/08/weekly-u-s-mexico-border-update-july-migration-texas-buoys-on-trial-matamoros-encampment/.

Kaba, A. (2019). United States Immigration Policies in the Trump Era. Sociology Mind. Vol.9, 2019, 316-349.

Martin, S. F. (2021). A Nation of Immigrants, Edisi Kedua. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meyer, P. J. (2019). Honduras: Background and U.S. Relations. Current Politics and Economics of South and Central America. 12(2), 227-271.

Migration Policy Institute. (2019). Profile of The Unauthorized Population: United States. 05 January 2024, retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/unauthorized-immigrant-population/state/US.

Migration Policy Institute. (2023). U.S. Annual Refugee Resettlement Ceilings and Number of Refugees Admitted, 1980-Present. 24 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-refugee-resettlement.

Pew Research. (2006, 22 May). Modes of Entry for the Unauthorized Migrant Population. 19 October 2023, retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2006/05/22/modes-of-entry-for-the-unauthorized-migrant-population/.

Rimmer, S. H. (2010). Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and The Responsibility to Protect. UNHCR Research. No.185, 1-21.

Roy, D. Klobucista, C. (2023, 21 September). What Is Temporary Protected Status. 22 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-temporary-protected-status.

Seelke, C. R. (2013). El Salvador: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations. Current Politics and Economics of South and Central America. 6(1), 53-84.

Simonovic, I. (2016). The Responsibility to Protect. 25 September 2023, retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/responsibility-protect.

Stone, D. (2020). Making Global Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Taft-Morales, M. (2019). Guatemala: Political and Socioeconomic Conditions and U.S. Relations. Current Politics and Economics of South and Central America. 12(2), 173-206.

Target Hospitality. (2021). Texas Immigration Facility. 24 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.targethospitality.com/texas-immigration-facility-tx/.

The White House. (2014, 21 November). Taking Action on Immigration: President Obama is Taking New Steps to Fix America’s Broken Immigration System. 19 October 2023, retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/immigration.

The White House. (2018). Immigration. 16 February 2024, retrieved from https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/immigration/.

The White House. (2021, 02 February). Executive Order on The Establishment Of Interagency Task Force on The Reunification of Families. 23 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/02/02/executive-order-the-establishment-of-interagency-task-force-on-the-reunification-of-families/.

The White House. (2021, 20 January). Fact Sheet: President Biden Sends Immigration Bill to Congress as Part of His Commitment to Modernize Our Immigration System. 19 January 2024, retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/fact-sheet-president-biden-sends-immigration-bill-to-congress-as-part-of-his-commitment-to-modernize-our-immigration-system/.

The White House. (2021, 20 January). Preserving and Fortifying Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). 22 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/preserving-and-fortifying-deferred-action-for-childhood-arrivals-daca/?ct=t(AgencyUpdate_012120).

The White House. (2021). The Biden-Harris Administration Immediate Priorities. 21 September 2023, retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/priorities/.

The White House. (2022, 10 June). Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection. 24 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/10/los-angeles-declaration-on-migration-and-protection/.

The White House. (2023, 05 January). Remarks by President Biden on Border Security and Enforcement. 05 January 2024, retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/01/05/remarks-by-president-biden-on-border-security-and-enforcement/.

UNHCR. (2024). El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras Situation. UNHCR Report. Retrieved from https://reporting.unhcr.org/operational/situations/el-salvador-guatemala-and-honduras-situation.

United Nations. (2005, 14 September). World Summit, 14-16 September 2005, New York. 24 September 2023, retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/newyork2005.

United Nations. (2005, 24 October). World Summit Outcome, GA Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1,24. 05 September 2023, retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). United States Census. 19 October 2023, retrieved from https://data.census.gov/profile/United_States?g=010XX00US.

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2022, 31 December). Count of Active DACA Recipients. 22 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/data/Active_DACA_Recipients_Dec_FY23_qtr1.pdf?ftag=MSF0951a18.

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2023). Central American Minors (CAM) Program. 23 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.uscis.gov/CAM.

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2023). Temporary Protected Status. 21 April 2024, retrieved from https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/temporary-protected-status.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2021, 20 January). DHS Statement on The Suspension of New Enrollments in The Migrant Protection Protocols Program. 23 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/news/2021/01/20/dhs-statement-suspension-new-enrollments-migrant-protection-protocols-program?ct=t(AgencyUpdate_012120).

U.S. Department Of State. (2022, 15 September). The Responsibility to Protect Focal Points. 24 September 2023, retrieved from https://www.state.gov/the-responsibility-to-protect-focal-points/.

U.S. Department of State. (2023). Central American Minors (CAM) Program. 23 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.state.gov/refugee-admissions/central-american-minors-cam-program/.

U.S. Department of State. (2023). Refugee Admissions. 13 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.state.gov/refugee-admissions/.

U.S. Department of State. (2023). Safe Mobility Initiative. 23 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.state.gov/refugee-admissions/safe-mobility-initiative/.

Van Hook, J. et. al. (2023). A Turning Point For The Unauthorized Immigrant Population in The United States. 25 March 2024, retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/turning-point-us-unauthorized-immigrant-population.

VOA. (2019, 07 June). AS Buka Fasilitas Massal Baru di Texas Untuk Migran Anak. 24 February 2024, retrieved from https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/as-buka-fasilitas-massal-baru-di-texas-untuk-migran-anak/4949547.html.

Warren, R. (2021). MPI Methodology In 2019, The US Undocumented Population Continued a Decade-Long Decline and The Foreign-Born Population Neared Zero Growth. Journal on Migration and Human Security. 9(1), 31–43.

Wilson, J. H. (2023). Temporary Protected Status and Deferred Enforced Departure. Congressional Research Service Report. Retrieved from https://sgp.fas.org/crs/homesec/RS20844.pdf.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v16i2.12618

DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v16i2.12618.g6595

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 


 Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan indexed by:

 

     

 

 

 

slot gacor slot gacor hari ini slot gacor 2025 demo slot pg slot gacor slot gacor