NEGARA, PASAR, DAN KEAMANAN ENERGI

Nikolaus Loy

Abstract


Keamanan energi telah menjadi salah satu isu kritis dalam poliitk internasional sejak tahun 1970-an. Saat ini penguatan isu ini didorong oleh kombinasi antara peningkatan konsumsi energi, dampak lingkungan, penurunan produksi migas dan posisi penting energi dalam sector militer dan politik. Menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana cara menjamin keamanan energi, perspektif geo-politik dan pasar mengajukan jawaban dan preskripsi yang berbeda. Dengan menggunakan studi literatur, artikel ini mendiskusikan argumen-argumen mendasar kedua perspektif tentang keamanan energi. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa perbedaan dalam preskripsi berasal dari pandangan geo-politik dan pasar tentang posisi energi. Pendukung geo-politik menempatkan energi sebagai komoditas strategis yang merupakan elemen mendasar dalam keamanan nasional dan kekuatan militer. Pendukung pasar, sebaliknya, berargumen bahwa energi adalah komoditas yang dapat diperdagangkan secara bebas oleh individu dan perusahaan. Meskipun demikian, keamanan energi dapat dijamin melalui kombinasi antara pendekatan geo-politik dan mekanisme pasar. Negara dibutuhkan untuk menjamin keamanan investasi energi, keamanan sumber energi, jaringan infrastruktur produksi dan distribusi energi. Pada saat yang sama, perusahaan swasta mampu memberikan sumbangan penting dalam pengembangan teknologi dan energi terbarukan. 

Kata kunci: Keamanan Energi, Geo-politik dan Pasar.


References


Blázquez, Jorge dan José María Martín-Moreno. (2012). “The Rise of Emerging Markets and its Impact on Global Energy Security”. Working paper. http://itemsweb.esade.edu/research/esadegeo.

Blazevic, Jason J. (2009). “Defensive Realism in the Indian Ocean: Oil, Sea Lanes and the Security Dilemma”. China Security. 5 (3), 59-71

Casertano, Stefano. (2013). The New Geopolitics of Energy Resources Global Energy Politics and Supply security. Postam: Brandenburgisches Institut für Gesellschaft und Sicherheit.

Calder, Kent E. (1997). Asia’s Deadly Triangle. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

Calder, Kent E. (2008). “Energi and Security in Northeast Asia’s Arc of Crisis” dalam Kent Calder dan Ferei-dun Fesharaki. Energy and Security in Northeast Asia: Fueling Security (pp. 5-14), policy paper, The Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, https://escholarship.org/content/qt8x68s85n/qt8x68s85n.pdf.

Choi, Hyun Jin. (2009). “Fueling Crisis or Cooperation? The Geopolitics of Energy Security in Northeast Asia”. Asian Affairs: An American Review. (36)1, 3-27.

Chang, Dukjoon. (2007). “Energy and Regional Cooperation in Northeast Asia”. The Journal of East Asian Affairs. 21 (2), 167-195.

Egenhofer, Christian, Kyriakos Gialoglou and Giacomo Luciani. (2004). “Market-based Options for Security of Energy Supply”. Working Paper, http://www.ceps.be.

Global Public Policy Institute. (2008). “The Changing Rules of the Game

Global Energy Governance and the Transatlantic Agenda”. Conference Report. Berlin. www.gppi.net.

Goldthau, Andreas dan Jan Martin Witte. (2009). “Back to the Future or Forward to the Past? Strengthening Markets dan Rules for Effective Global Energy Governance”. International Affairs. 85 (2), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00798.x

Glass, Todd. (2006). “Energy Security Through Cross-Border Investments and Technology”. Natural Re-sources & Environment. 21 (2), 64-66

Hunter, Tina. (2018). “Redefining Energy Security: The New Prize in a Time of Arctic Petroleum Resources and Technological Development” dalam Slawomir Raszewski, The International Political Economy of Oil and Gas (pp.9-21). London: Palgrave-Macmillan.

International Security Advisory Board. (2015). “Report on Energy Geopolitics: Challenges and Opportuni-ties”. www.state.gov/documents/.../229409.

Kropatcheva, Elena. (2014). “He who has the Pipeline Calls the Tune? Russia's Energy Power against the Background of the Shale “revolutions””. Energy Policy. 66, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.058.

Lai, Honyi (ed). (2009). Asian Energy Security: The Maritime Dimension. New York: Macmillan.

Leverett, Flynt and Pierre Noël. (2006). “The New Axis of Oil”. The National Interest. 84, 62-70.

Liss, Carolin. (2011). “The Maritime Dimension of Energy Security” dalam Benjamin K. Sovacool. The Routledge Handbook of Energy Security (pp 113-128), Oxon: Routledge.

Liao, Xuanli. (2007). “The Petroleum Factor in Sino-Japanese Relations: Beyond Energy Cooperation,”. Inter-national Relations of the Asia-Pacific. (1) 42, 23-46

Lee, MAJ Stacey L. (2010). China’s Energy Security: The Grand “Hedging” Strategy, Monograph. Kansas: School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College.

McGowan, Francis. (2008). “Can the European Union’s Market Liberalism Ensure Energy Security in a Time of ‘Economic Nationalism’?”. Journal of Contemporary European Research. 4 (2), 90-106.

Noël, Pierre. (2007). “The New US Middle East Policy and Energy Security Challenges”. International Journal of Natural Resources and Conflict. 62 (1), 43-54.

Nincic, Donna J. (2009). “Troubled Waters: Energy Security as Maritime Security” dalam Gal Luft dan Anne Korin. (eds) 2009. Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century, A Reference Handbook (Pp. 32-43.Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International.

O’Brien, Dennis. (1997). “Mightier than Sword: Energy Market and Global Security”, Harvard International Review. 19 (3), 8-11

Rutledge, Ian. (2008). Addicted to Oil, America’s Relentless Drive For Energy Security. London: I.B. Taurus.

Stern J, Roger. (2010). “United States Cost of Military Force Projection in the Persian Gulf, 1976–2007” dalam Energy Policy. 38 (6), 2816-2825.

Salm, Mohammad dan Gustaaf Geeraerts. (2013). “The Impact of Strategic Hedging on the Foreign Politics of Great Powers: The Case of Chinese Energy Strategy in the Middle East”. www.chinagoesglobal.org.

Tarus, Triinu and Matthew Crandall. (2012). “Is Russia a Threat to Estonian Energy Security?”. Baltic Journal of Political Science. 1, 77-91

Yergin, Daniel. Dennis Eklof & Jefferson Edwards. (1998). “Fueling Asia's Recovery”. Foreign Affairs.77 (3), 34-52




DOI: https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i1.3218

DOI (PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)): https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i1.3218.g2505

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

 Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan indexed by:

 

     

 

 

 

slot gacor slot