GREECE’S COMPLIANCE WITH THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (CFR-EU) IN THE EUROPEAN REFUGEE CRISIS 2015-2023

Abstrak

Abstrak

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai krisis pengungsi Eropa sejak tahun 2015-2023 yang menempatkan Yunani sebagai negara gerbang utama Uni Eropa, dengan lonjakan kedatangan yang sangat tinggi dan tekanan kemanusiaan yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis bentuk kepatuhan Yunani terhadap rezim CFR-EU menggunakan kerangka Ronald B. Mitchell (Output, Outcomes, Impact) serta kategorisasi Sara McLaughlin Mitchell & Paul R. Hensel untuk mengidentifikasi kategorisasi kepatuhan. Data bersumber dari studi kepustakaan yang diambil melalui kebijakan domestik, instrumen hukum UE, serta laporan lembaga internasional yang berasal dari sumber resmi. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa indikator output terpenuhi melalui adopsi legislasi, program ESTIA, pendekatan hotspot, dan implementasi Kesepakatan Uni Eropa-Turki (2016); indikator outcomes dan impact hasilnya masih lemah, yang tercermin dari bukti-bukti seperti kelebihan kapasitas di kamp penampungan, maraknya praktik pushback, akses layanan dan bantuan hukum yang terbatas, serta kebijakan domestik yang memperketat prosedur suaka pasca-2019. Temuan mengarah pada bentuk kepatuhan “passive compliance” yaitu kondisi dimana suatu negara mengadopsi dan menjalankan komitmennya melalui kebijakan dan pembentukan kerangka hukum, tetapi implementasi substantif tidak konsisten dan dampaknya terbatas, sehingga muncul compliance gap antara komitmen formal dan perlindungan hak terhadap pengungsi di lapangan.

Kata kunci: CFR-EU; Yunani; Krisis pengungsi; Passive compliance;

Abstract

This research examines the European refugee crisis from 2015 to 2023, which has made Greece the primary gateway to the European Union, experiencing a significant surge in arrivals and ongoing humanitarian pressure. This study analyses Greece's compliance with the CFR-EU regime using Ronald B. Mitchell's framework (Output, Outcomes, Impact) and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Paul R. Hensel's categorisation to identify compliance categories. Data are sourced from literature studies, domestic policies, EU legal instruments, and reports from international institutions, all of which are official sources. The results show that output indicators are met through the adoption of legislation, the ESTIA programme, the hotspot approach, and the implementation of the EU-Turkey Agreement (2016); while the outcomes and impact indicators are still weak, as reflected in evidence such as overcapacity in detention camps, rampant pushback practices, limited access to services and legal aid, and domestic policies that tighten asylum procedures post-2019. The findings point to a form of ‘passive compliance,’ a condition in which a country adopts and implements its commitments through policies and the establishment of a legal framework, but substantive implementation is inconsistent and the impact is limited, resulting in a compliance gap between formal commitments and the protection of refugee rights in the field.

Keywords: CFR-EU; Greece; Refugee crisis; Passive compliance;