Abstract
Reformasi sistem kafala yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Qatar pada tahun 2020 dinilai belum berhasil menghapus praktik eksploitasi terhadap pekerja migran. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyebab masih dipertahankannya praktik kontrol penuh majikan dengan memanfaatkan kerangka berpikir path dependence dan metode penelusuran proses. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kegagalan reformasi kafala pada tahun 2020 merupakan konsekuensi dari ketergantungan terhadap jalur kebijakan lama (initial policy formation), yang dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor utama: (1) keputusan awal Qatar pada tahun 1950-an untuk mengadopsi sistem kafala sebagai warisan kolonial Inggris menjadi critical juncture atau momen kritis yang membentuk struktur tata kelola ketenagaakerjaan berbasis kontrol penuh sponsor dan menyisakan jalur institusional jangka panjang; (2) increasing returns yang menjadi basis efisiensi ekonomi negara dan elit bisnis; (3) bias status quo institusi politik sebagai strategi elit menciptakan sistem kafala sehingga cukup sulit diubah. Konsekuensinya, ketiga aspek tersebut menciptakan jalur kunci (lock-in-effect) yang membuat reformasi hanya parsial tanpa menghapus akar pengabaian hak-hak pekerja migran. Studi ini berkontribusi dalam membingkai pemahaman isu pekerja migran dan praktik kelembagaan dalam hubungan internasional dari sudut pandang path dependence di Qatar.
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