Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan"
Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan" (SNTKK) merupakan agenda tahunan nasional di bidang Teknik Kimia sebagai forum pertemuan ilmiah yang diselenggarakan oleh Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik Industri, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta. Pada kesempatan ini, para akademisi, peneliti, industri dan pemerhati Teknik Kimia dapat saling menginformasikan hasil karya ilmiahnya, baik berupa kajian pustaka atau hasil penelitian fundamental dan aplikatif di berbagai bidang yang terkait dengan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Indonesia dan Energi, sehingga diharapkan dapat menjadi basis untuk menghasilkan produk yang dibutuhkan dan bermanfaat bagi masyarakat luas serta mampu bersaing di pasar dunia. SNTKK tahun 2023 mengangkat tema "Pengembangan Teknologi Pengolahan Sumber Daya Alam Termasuk Sumber Daya Maritim Indonesia dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Kemandirian dan Ketahanan Negara" dan diikuti oleh 70 peserta terkonfirmasi dari berbagai universitas dan institusi penelitian di Indonesia. Prosiding SNTKK telah terindeks:
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Kata Pengantar dan Daftar Panitia SNTKK 2023
Copyright (c) 2023 Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan"
Thermal Stability Test and Formulation of Sodium Lignosulfonate with Isoamyl Alcohol as EOR Surfactant
Sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) is a promising low-cost surfactant that can be prepared from biomass. There has been large interest to utilize SLS as a chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) surfactant. For that purpose, SLS is often mixed with other chemicals such as alcohols. The aim of this study was to find the best formulation of mixed-surfactant and to perform its thermal stability. The resulting mixed-surfactant was then characterized with variety of tests: aqueous stability, phase behavior, and IFT values. We found that a mixture that consists of 50 wt.% SLS, 30 wt.% Isoamyl Alcohol, and 20 wt.% of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) soap gave ultralow IFT at 1.864 × 10-3 mN/m. Phase behavior test shows that 1 wt% of mixed-surfactant formed a Winsor Type III. Subsequently, thermal stability test was conducted at 70°C for 90 days. The results showed that the IFT value fluctuates within the range of 10-3 mN/m for the first three weeks. After three weeks, the IFT values tend to increase to 10-2 mN/m until the end of the test. Hence, although ultralow IFT was achieved in the beginning of the test, further study is needed to improve the long-term stability of the present mixed-surfactant
Potensi Selulosa Bakteri Sebagai Pembalut Luka Ideal dan Penghantar Obat (Drug Delivery)
The wound healing process requires an environment that can maintain moisture, absorb excess exudate, and is biodegradable. Conventional wound dressings such as cotton, gauze, and bandages cause wound dehydration. Bacterial cellulose derived from the fermentation of coconut water by Acetobacter xylinum bacteria has unique characteristics that have the potential to be an ideal wound dressing because it can provide a moist environment. It also has good mechanical properties, biodegradability, high biocompatibility, and is non-toxic. Bacterial cellulose produces fine fibres forming a thin layer of extracellular polysaccharides. Such fibre makes it possible to bind to the molecules of the drug. This research will study the mechanical properties and efficiency of drug mass transfer from bacterial cellulose membranes with different carbon sources, namely glucose and fructose, with fermentation time variations of 3, 5, and 7 days. The results showed that the characteristic value of the fructose carbon source was superior to that of glucose. The glucose carbon source has a membrane thickness of 0.81; 6,93; 10.61 mm; fructose is 2.80; 8,41; 13.40 mm. The highest absorption capacity, stress, elongation and drug mass efficiency value is obtained by a fructose carbon source with a fermentation time of 7 days, and for absorption capacity obtained at 1.1640 g/g, stress value 105.9 N with elongation 19.90 mm and drug mass efficiency 4.085%
Sintesis Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah dengan Katalis K2CO3/y-Al2O3
Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative fuels. The price of biodiesel is still relatively expensive due to the high price of raw materials. Thus, cheaper raw materials such as used cooking oils can be used. Used cooking oils can be used to produce biodiesel by transesterification reaction using alcohol and catalyst. The effect of temperature on the conversion was studied in this research. The research was carried out in batch at various temperatures of 45, 55 and 65 oC by reacting used cooking oil and bioethanol with catalyst K2CO3/γ-Al2O3. The ratio of used cooking oil and bioethanol is 1:9 and the concentration of catalyst is 3%. The reaction was run for 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, then the biodiesel was separated from the catalyst and glycerol. Furthermore, the biodiesel samples were analyzed by GC-MS to determine the alkyl ester content. The result showed that the highest conversion was 86.39% at 65oC. The biodiesel product complies with SNI 7182:2015, with a density of 871.7 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity of 4.82 mm2/s, flash point of 176oC, cloud point of 9oC, copper plate corrosion number 1, acid number 0.39 mg-KOH/g, total glycerol 0.16%, and ester content 98.3%.
Karakter Lumpur Pemboran Berbahan Dasar Bentonite Lokal Tulungagung dan Boyolali Mengacu Standar API 13A dengan Variasi Additive Polyamine
This study examined the feasibility of using locally sourced bentonite as drilling mud, with the aim of reducing the cost of imported drilling mud. Bentonite, a soil type containing a high concentration of smectite or montmorillonite, is widely used in drilling mud. The physical properties of drilling mud made from bentonite from Boyolali and Tulungagung were compared, with the addition of various additives to meet the API 13A standard. The research found that drilling mud made from Boyolali bentonite showed physical properties that were closer to the API 13A standard compared to Tulungagung bentonite. Specifically, adding 7 grams (12%) of polyamine to Boyolali bentonite mud produced a volume of filtrate loss and mud cake thickness closest to the API 13A standard, namely 10.8 ml (maximum 15 ml) and 0.14 cm (maximum 0.28 cm), respectively. Adding 2.3 grams (5.04%) of KOH resulted in the highest pH value of 13, while adding 2.5 grams (1.17%) of Na2CO3 produced the least amount of filtrate loss, namely 7.2 ml (maximum 15 ml), with a mud cake thickness of 0.27 cm (maximum 0.28 cm)
Pembuatan Biokompatibel Suture Anchor Berbasis 3D Printing Filament dari Nano Hidroksiapatit Berbahan Dasar Cangkang Keong Sawah
Suture anchor is used to attach soft tissues to the bone. One of the materials that can be used for making suture anchors is hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has similarities with the properties of bone minerals, so it has the potential to be used as a material for making biocompatible suture anchors. However, HAp is brittle and has poor strength, so HAp is usually combined with polymers such as composites to overcome the limitations of its mechanical properties. One of the polymers that can be used is Polycaprolactone (PCL). In this study, HAp was synthesized from rice field snail shells, due to its high calcium contents. Further, the combination of HAp and PCL in the manufacture of 3D printing filaments such as suture anchors was obtained. The variables used in this study were the mixing ratio of HAp:PCL in making filaments with a mixing ratio of 0.5:9.5; 1:9 ; 2:8. The results of various variables shows that the tensile strength most optimal composite in 7,3 % when mixing HAp:PCl is 0.5:9,5.
Modifikasi Coating Pada Permukaan Implan Ti-6Al-4VELI Berbasis Kombinasi Hidroksiapatit Cangkang Rajungan dan Polycaprolactone
Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitials) is widely used material in orthopedics with its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, in application it has a risk of corrosion caused by body fluids exposure as a results in inhibitation of tissue growth. Therefore, in this study modification of the surface of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI implan by coating Hydroxyapatite (HAp) combined with Polycaprolactone (PCL) using the dip coating method was carried out. The effect of HAp/PCL coating on implant morphology is investigated. Moreover, the effects of HAp/PCL concentrations on surface roughness, corrosion rates, and coating thickness are elucidated. The results showed that the hydroxyapatite of crab shells synthesized in a compliance with Food and Drug Association standards, i.e., Ca content of 93.03%. The functional groups confirmed with HAp standard chart JCPDS no. 09-0432 with crystallinity of 88.32%. The post-coated implant showed the coating thickness range of 140-200 µm and roughness average of 120-129 nm. In addition, the corrosion rate showed 0,043-0,33 mmpy which also complied with medical standard.
Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Nano-Hidroksiapatit dari Cangkang Rajungan Sebagai Material Pembuatan Filament 3D Printing dengan Kombinasi Poly(caprolactone)
An orthopedic anchoring rotator cuff is often used to reattach a torn rotator cuff tendon to the bone. However, anchoring rotator cuffs commonly use non-biodegradable metals and require a second surgery. Furthermore, manufacturing processes for retaining rotator cuff implants are developed using filament-based 3D printing. So that biodegradable and biocompatible materials are needed as filament materials for making anchoring rotator cuffs, one of which is by mixing poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HAp). In this research, we will synthesize nano-sized HAp from crab shell waste using the precipitation method. The synthesis results will be reviewed through XRF, FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. In addition, the mechanical properties of PCL/HAp composite filaments for tissue scaffolds at variables of 9.5:0.5, 9:1, and 8.5:1.5 were also reviewed. XRF characterization results show that the crab shell has a calcium content of 93.09%. FTIR testing shows the formation of hydroxyapatite functional groups, namely OH- and PO43. XRD test results show conformity with the JCPDS 09-0432 graph with a degree of crystallinity of 88.32%. SEM analysis showed that the HAp produced has a nano size with a particle diameter of about 126.3 nm. In mechanical analysis, the best PCL/HAp filaments were obtained at a mixing ratio of (9:1)
Prediksi Kesetimbangan Uap-Cair Sistem Biner 3-Pentanol + Asam Propionat Sebagai Basis Pada Proses Desain Pemurnian Biofuel
The depletion of fossil fuels has led to a turn toward renewable and cleaner diesel fuel. In recent years, research has focused on the development of green energy to replace fossil fuels. 3-Pentanol is the preferred alternative fuel because it has better fuel properties compared to other biofuels. 3-Pentanol, as a propionic acid derivative chemical platform, can be produced from renewable biomass through the lactic acid pathway. Therefore, to obtain 3-Pentanol with high purity, a purification process such as distillation is required. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data and the thermodynamic model parameters are needed as basis for designing a distillation column and optimizing the separation process. The aim of this study is to predict the vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) of the binary systems of 3-Pentanol + propionic acid at 100 kPa, 200 kPa, and 300 kPa using the UNIFAC model in combination with the Hayden-O’Connell model. The prediction results showed no azeotropes found for the studied systems. This study can also open a scope for the thermodynamic studies of biofuel separation process.
Demineralisasi Batubara Berkadar Abu Tinggi dengan Leaching Menggunakan Alkali
The study was comdustred on the demineralization of Jambi coal with high ash content as an effort to improve quality. The coal selected first crushed to -80 + 115 mesh. Demineralization was carried out using leacjing process with NaOH 20, 25, and 30% (%weight). The best parameter was used in subsequent leaching process to determine the effect of temperature of 50, 70, 90oC. The result showed that the percentage of demineralization increased with increasing demineralization reduction 34%
Pengawetan Ekstrak Pewarna Alami dari Daun dan Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Indonesia has abundant natural resources that are very potential and prospective as raw materials for natural dyes, one of which is the leaves and skins of cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao L.). The purpose of this study is to determine the concentration of preservatives that can effectively inhibit the biodegradation reaction of natural dyes in the extract of leaves and skins of cocoa pods. Extracts of natural dyes that have been centrifuged and preservatives was added, then stored in a closed reactor. The preservatives used are benzoic acid and chitosan. Extraction is carried out for 20 days. Every 2 days, extract was analyzed from the reactor to determine the colorant concentration using gravimetric method. Besides benzoic acid, the same experiments was also carried out on another chitosan dissolved in 2% acetic acid solution. The results showed that the addition of benzoic acid and chitosan dissolved in 2% acetic acid solution can inhibit the biodegradation of leaves and skins of cocoa pods extract. Preservative concentrations of 0.50% benzoic acid and 0.25% chitosan are effective preservatives to inhibit the biodegradation reaction
Penentuan Kondisi Operasi Optimum Ekstraksi Pewarna Alami Dari Limbah Serbuk Kayu Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) Menggunakan Response Surface Method
The use of natural dyes is an alternative to replace synthetic dyes. One of the natural resources in Indonesia that can be used as a natural dye is wood sawdust of Ulin wood. Phytochemical analysis results showed that the extract of Ulin wood sawdust contains tannin compound, as the chemical of these sawdust is potential as a source of natural dyes. This research is to find the optimum condition of natural dye extraction from Ulin wood sawdust. Variables observed in this research are temperature, the weight ratio of sawdust to the solvent volume, and mixer rotation speed. The extraction process with a third necked flask with a stirrer, condenser, heat mantle, and with water as solvents. Natural dye content on the extract was analyzed by gravimetry. The optimization of operating variables extraction using Response Surface Method (RSM) with Box-Behnken model. The results that the optimum temperature was 90oC, the weight ratio of Ulin wood sawdust to the solvent volume was 0,25 g/mL, and the optimum mixer rotation speed was 250 rpm. In this optimum condition, the natural dye content in the extracts was 1,2054%
Pemodelan Dekomposisi Ammonium Carbamate pada Tekanan Tinggi di Pabrik Urea
Urea acts as a nitrogen-based fertilizer to boost crop production and prevent a worldwide hunger crisis. Considering ways to make urea production in existing plants more environmentally friendly, a detailed study has been conducted on the high-pressure stripper, in which the equipment uses intensive energy to decompose ammonium carbamate. The mathematical model was prepared using the two-film theory. The UNIQUAC and Redlich-Kwong equations of state have been used to express nonideality in the NH3-CO2-H2O-urea system under high pressure and temperature circumstances. Due to the lack of transport properties in extreme conditions, the properties were estimated using a theoretical method. The present study obtained the mass-transfer coefficient in dimensionless form and . Moreover, the heat-transfer coefficient was calculated using the Chilton-Colburn analogy. The proposed model result matches what is expected with the commercial plant data. Furthermore, with less than 5% relative deviations, the model deserves significant consideration for any practical use in high-pressure stripper simulation
Overview of BTX (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) Production from Polyethylene Pyrolysis over Ga and Zn Modified HZSM-5 Catalyst
The increase in Indonesia's BTX chemical production was carried out to keep pace with global demand trends. The raw material for alternative production is household waste in Indonesia, of which 36% is plastic. Polyolefins make up 76% of the composition of household plastic waste. The rapidly developed BTX production process is the depolymerization of polyolefin plastics by pyrolysis and catalyst modification for catalysis. Polyolefin plastic in the form of polyethylene produces the highest aromatic yield and selectivity among other types of plastic in plastic waste. This study compared two scenarios with the highest yield of aromatics using different catalysts as base literature with an additional overview regarding the topic related. The process scenarios being compared are polyethylene pyrolysis over CaO with Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst and Zn-ZSM-5 catalyst. Literature overview obtained the overall BTX production progress over time and the potential of polyethylene catalytic pyrolysis for further study
CFD Simulation and Efficiency Analysis of Natural Gas Ejector-Booster System
Natural gas production involving several gas-well streams with different operating pressure creates a problem, especially for lower-pressure streams. Usually, a compressor unit is installed to enable a lower-pressure stream to tie in the higher-pressure stream. However, this solution requires high costs and investment related to compressor operation. Natural gas ejector provides an alternative, where a higher-pressure stream act as the motive fluid to withdraw the lower-pressure stream. This work aims to simulate the flow inside the ejector using ANSYS Fluent CFD simulator. The model used is validated to published data by other authors. Ejector efficiency is calculated for several operating pressure and ejector geometry: ratio of mixing tube length to diameter. We found that the variation in L/D ratio of mixing tube in current study did not significantly affect the ejector performance. Conversely, it was strongly affected by both motive and suction pressure, where the entrainment ratio is generally higher for lower pressure ratio. On the other hand, the efficiency of ejector process exhibited an optimum behavior, where we obtained the highest efficiency of 26.7% at pressure ratio of 0.1765. Therefore, this result can be utilized as the recommended operating condition.
Pengaruh Penambahan Jumlah Air terhadap Kekerasan, Kerapuhan dan Waktu Hancur Tablet Obat
The water content in the tablet is related to the compressibility of the tablet, because the water content formed acts as a binder that will fill the empty space between tablets. Excess water content in the tablet formulation can cause the tablet to become hydrophobic so that the tablet is difficult to wet during dissolution and travels in the body. Thus, the tablet will be more difficult to disintegrate in the stomach. The procedure for turning jackfruit seeds into flour are peeling, milling, and drying at a temperature of 105 oC. Following, water at 90 oC is mixed with jackfruit seed flour to make mocilago (mixture 1). fdc yellow and patent blue v dye into a beakerglass containing aquademin 95 oC then stir until completely uniform (mixture 2). Put mixture 1 into mixture 2 which has a temperature >80 oC. In the granulation stage, all ingredients are mixed with fine granulated sugar, magnesium hydroxide, dimethyl polysiloxane, some jackfruit seed flour and hydrotalcite to form mixture 3. Then add the binder solution Granule drying and drug printing processes follow. The characterization parameters of tablets produced in this research were tablet friability, tablet hardness and tablet disintegration time. Adding 193.2 mL of water to 25.6 grams of jackfruit seed powder was a variable that gives optimum effect on tablet hardness, friability, and disintegration time
Karakteristik Morfologi dari Formulasi Pupuk NPK Coated dengan Enkapsulasi Starch-PVA-Glycerol
In modern agriculture, the application of NPK fertilizer plays an important role in food security. However, most commercial uncoated fertilizers have low nutrient absorption efficiency with 30-70% nutrient loss, advances to financial losses for farmers and causing environmental issues. Slow-release fertilizer (SRF) is the best solution to decrease loss rate, supplying nutrients sustainably, and reduces potential negative environmental effects. These fertilizers are made by physically encapsulating NPK fertilizer with organic hydrophobic materials (starch-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-glycerol). Double layered encapsulation is formulated by in-situ copolymerization of starch with vinyl acetate monomer from PVA in different ratios. Glycerol is added to increase the film compatibility. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) followed by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis reveals the morphological characteristic of uncoated and coated NPK samples. The surface micrograph of uncoated NPK exhibits fine spire crystals that are intensely cemented on to the surface with some bigger crystals of potassium chloride. The gaps and pores are also visible. The SEM micrographs of coated NPK depict layering and agglomeration that is a clear indication of the coating. A higher ratio of PVA increases agglomeration on the surface of coated NPK, representing dense and complete coverage with less pores and cavities occurs
Pengaruh Penambahan Silica Nanopartikel dan Surfaktan SLS (Sodium Lignosulfonat) terhadap Proses Adsorpsi pada Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Surfactant flooding is a chemically enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique that removes trapped residual oil by lowering the oil-water interfacial tension. The success of surfactant flooding is strongly affected by surfactant loss through its adsorption process on reservoir mineral rocks. Surfactant adsorption is a test method to determine whether surfactant is adsorbed in the reservoir rocks. In the surfactant adsorption test, only static adsorption was carried out. The mixed-surfactant formulation used 70% surfactant SLS, 22% PFAD, and 8% 1-octanol (w/v). Mixed-surfactant concentration variations are 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% (w/v). The IFT test results showed that the smallest IFT value at a concentration of 1% is 3.15 x 10-3 mN/M. In this research, adding silica nanoparticles (SNPs) to the mixed-surfactant solution is expected to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) value and the amount of surfactant adsorbed in the reservoir rocks. Variations of SNPs concentration used are 0.05, 0.09, 0.15, and 0.3% (w/v). The lowest IFT test result by adding concentration SNPs of 0.09% is 2.07 x 10-4 mN/M. The adsorption test result showed that by adding SNPs with concentration 0.09% with adsorption time of 24h is effective to used for adsorption.
Preparation and Characterization of Ni/H-ZSM-5 Catalysts for Producing Green Diesel from Palmitic Acid
Biofuel is a promising alternative as a sustainable energy resource in the transportation sector in Indonesia. Green diesel is one of biofuels that can be produced from feedstock containing fatty acid. Fatty acid conversion to green diesel can be conducted via hydrodecarboxylation or hydrodeoxygenation process. Catalyst Ni/H-ZSM-5 is a potential catalyst to convert fatty acid to n-alkane which is the main component in green diesel. In this work, we prepared Ni/H-ZSM-5 catalyst with various Ni loading of 7%, 13%, 18%, and 25%, respectively. The catalysts were synthesized according to a simple incipient wetness impregnation method. Those catalysts were characterized with X-ray fluorescence, Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, and NH3-TPD. The highest nickel-loading catalyst, Ni 25%/H-ZSM-5, gave the best dispersion. NH3-TPD results showed the presence of two acid sites, namely Brønsted acid site and Lewis acid site. The presence of Brønsted acid sites is crucial to facilitate fatty acid conversion to n-alkane.
The Effect of Complexity of Fuel Oil Composition Compounds on Desulphurization Degrees in Oxidative Desulphurization Processes
Oxidative Desulfurization is an alternative process to reduce sulfur content in fuel. ODS is an oxidation reaction of sulfur compounds in fuel, which contains various hydrocarbon compounds, using an oxidizing agent with the help of a catalyst. The polarity of fuel, sulfur compounds and catalysts is a critical success factor for ODS. This study aims to determine the effect of the complexity of the model fuel used in the ODS process on the degree of sulfur reduction. The complexity variable is considered by polarity, which is determined based on the dielectric constant of the compound using the mixed concentration average of the dielectric constant of the pure compound. The model fuel used in this study is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds having 6 C atoms in the form of n-hexane, cyclohexane, and benzene. Dibenzothiophena is used as a representative of sulfur compounds with an initial concentration of 300 ppm in each sample. The independent variables that were varied were the composition of the model fuel and the ODS reaction time. Sulfur content in model fuel before and after ODS was analyzed using UV-Vis. Meanwhile, the dielectric constants of fuel and catalyst are determined using empirical equations. The results showed that the polarity of the model fuel changed depending on the composition of the constituent compounds. The ODS process resulted a decrease in DBT levels as a function of increasing the time reaction of ODS. Changes in the polarity of the model fuel solvent give different desulphurization results. The highest degree of desulphurization was obtained at 21% with the use of model fuel with a catalyst which had a dielectrict constant of 1.995.
Preparasi Katalisator Berbasis Biochar dari Ampas Buah Merah untuk Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Jelantah
Biodiesel can be produced from plant and animal oils by transesterification reaction using homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. In this study, we prepare a biochar-based catalyst, as a heterogeneous catalyst, for transesterification of used cooking oil. The biochar was made by the pyrolysis of the solid waste from the oil extraction of Papuan red fruit (Pandanus conoideus). After the pyrolysis, the solid was immersed in KOH solution to provide the kalium in the produced biochar. The biochar was then sulfonated by H2SO4 5M for 15h at 120°C. Afterwards, the catalysts were characterized by BET for surface area measurement, FTIR for functional groups on the catalyst surface determination and XRD for successive crystallography characterization. The catalytic performance was studied by conducting transesterification of used cooking oil using methanol with the prepared biochar-based catalysts. The transesterification optimum conditions were found to be oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:15, temperature of 60°C, reaction time of 2 hours and the catalyst amount of 3% of the oil weight. Furthermore, the highest biodiesel yield was obtained by the catalyst prepared from biochar that was sulfonated with 5M H2SO4 solution
Sintesis Asil Gliserol Melalui Reaksi Esterifikasi Asam Oleat dengan Gliserol
Acyl glycerol derivatives from oleic acid, especially monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG), are products that is widely used in the food, lubricant, and cosmetic industries. Acyl glycerol can be obtained through esterification reaction of glycerol with fatty acids. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the conversion and amount of acyl glycerol produced. This research was conducted using a batch system with temperature variations of 80°C, 100°C, and 120°C with HCl 1%wt as catalyst and 1:1 reactant mole ratio (glycerol: oleic acid) for 2 hours reaction time. Samples were taken every 10 minutes, then the samples were analyzed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to determine the fraction of the product produced. The experimental results showed that increasing the temperature will produce higher conversions and acyl glycerols. The highest conversion of oleic acid occurred at 120°C (43.016%), with mole percentage of 1,796% monoacylglycerol (MAG), 3,820% diacylglycerol (DAG), and 5,813% triacylglycerol (TAG).
Sintesis Surfaktan Non-ionik Berbasis Asam Palmitat Melalui Reaksi Esterifikasi dengan Gliserol
Esterification of glycerol using the fatty acids is one of methods that is widely used in the conversion of glycerol to synthesize products containing monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Among the various types of surfactants, monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are the most widely used of non-ionic surfactants in many industries such as food, pharmacy and cosmetic. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the conversion of palmitic acid and the concentration fraction of products. This research was conducted in a batch system with the temperature variations of 80°C, 100°C and 120°C; using 1% HCl catalyst concentration of palmitic acid mass, and reactant mole ratio of 1:1 (glycerol: palmitic acid). Samples were taken every 10 min during 120 min of reaction, to be analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to determine the concentration fraction of products. The experimental results showed that increasing temperature enhanced the products formation, thus, increased the fraction concentration of products. However, the highest conversion of palmitic acid (80.14%) was obtained at 120°C, with concentration fraction of 1.67% monoacylglycerol (MAG), 10.96% diacylglycerol (DAG) and 6.01% triacylglycerol (TAG).
Potensi Mikroorganisme Indigen Perairan Teluk Lampung sebagai Pendegradasi Masker Sekali Pakai (Disposable Face Mask)
To prevent the transmission of COVID-19, the World Health Organization recommends the implementation of health protocols including using disposable masks. The use of disposable face masks has an impact on the emergence of mask waste in aquatic environments which results in pollution of water sources by microfibers. Degradation by indigenous microorganisms can be one of the solutions for handling waste that is environmentally friendly and cost effective. In this study, bacteria were isolated from the coast of Lampung Bay which was polluted with plastic waste and masks. Bacterial isolates were characterized by morphological and biochemical tests before the selected one being used for degradation. After seven days of incubation, gravimetric analysis showed that the mask pieces increased in weight when compared to the control. However, the degradation process can be shown by the results of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis which shows damage in the form of holes on the surface of the mask when compared to the new mask and the control. SEM images also showed the presence of bacterial biomass remnants attached to the surface of the mask. Based on the results of this study, Lampung Bay indigenous microorganism isolate showed potential as a degrader of disposable face masks.
Degradasi Masker Sekali Pakai dengan Vermiremediasi dan Penambahan Isolat Bakteri Teluk Lampung
The use of disposable face masks during the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the emergence of mask waste polluting aquatic environments due to poor management. This waste will decompose into microfibers which accumulate in aquatic organisms. The combination of vermiremediation with the addition of degrading microorganisms can be one of the solutions for treating disposable mask waste. In this study, Eudrilus eugeniae, an earthworm species, was used in vermiremediation with variations in the treatment by adding indigenous bacterial isolate from the waters of Lampung Bay which has been proven able to degrade disposable masks. The results showed that the vermiremediation technique can be used to degrade disposable masks, indicated by a decrease in mask weight after incubation for two months in the amount of 0.03 grams and 0.05 grams for the treatment with the Eudrilus eugeniae and a combination of bacterial isolate respectively against the initial weight. Lampung Bay indigenous bacterial isolate helped accelerate the mask degradation process in the combined vermiremediation technique. The carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of the compost produced by the vermiremediation process have met the SNI for compost from domestic organic waste.
Biodegradable Wet Wipes dari Sabut Kelapa Sawit (Palm Fiber) dengan Ekstrak Flavonoid Daun Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Antibakteri
The wet tissue currently circulating in the market is made of synthetic fibers consisting of 30% viscose fibers and 70% polyester fibers, and 90% of the wet tissue contains plastic. Indonesia's palm oil industry grows annually, however. Palm fiber waste has high cellulose, useful as wet tissue raw material substitute. This study used flavonoids from palm leaves as an antibacterial material to create biodegradable wet wipes from palm fiber and evaluate their antibacterial and antiseptic effectiveness. The best characteristics of biodegradable wet wipes are obtained with a composition of 91.5% (w/w) palm coconut fiber cellulose, and a ratio (w/w) of PVA:tapioca:chitosan at every 10 mL of used VCO of 2:3:6 (1.5%:2.25%:4.5%) with variations in pulp bleaching and the method of applying the binder solution by being spread onto semi-dry tissue paper. The evaluation of wet tissue includes tests for tensile strength, color, biodegradability, phytochemical analysis, antibacterial testing, antiseptic testing, irritation testing, and pH testing. The test results showed that biodegradable wet wipes made of palm coconut fiber and flavonoid extract from palm coconut leaf at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, which have been adjusted to SNI 8526:2018 standard, have bacterial reduction effectiveness of 68.09%, 79.06%, and 89.94%, respectively.
Pengaruh Morfologi Anionik Flokulan terhadap Performa Koagulasi Nira PG. Krembong PTPN X
The problem that occurs in Indonesia is the consumption of sugar that is greater than its production which causes the inability of the sugar industry to supply the demand of all consumers. One of the problems that occured is caused by the large number of raw materials that are still imported, including the flocculant used in this case, namely Anionic Polyacrylamide flocculant. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) was first developed using an alkaline hydrolysis process. Until now, APAM manufacturing technology has undergone many developments. However, there are only few research conducted on Anionic poly flocculant (SA-co-A) regarding the influence of polymer properties and the efficiency of its use in the sugar refining process, therefore research was conducted on the influence of Anionic flocculant morphology on the coagulation-flocculation performance of sap at Krembong PTPN X sugar factory to reduce costs in the sugar production process. In this study, poly (SA-co-A) synthesis was carried out as a flocculant to be used in the sugar refining process. The steps used are adding acrylic acid, acrylamide and sodium carbonate which are then added with the NaOH solution. The next step is the synthesis of poly(SA-co-A), the synthesis process is carried out with a nitrogen atmosphere for 3 hours which has previously been added with ammonium persulfate. This study was conducted on the concentration ratio between acrylic acid and acrylamide which uses 40:60, 50:50, 60:40 variables. The resulting flocculants will be tested for flocculant FTIR test, flocculant SEM test, NMR test, settling speed test, mud volume test, pH test, TDS test, turbidity test on sugar’s sap to determine the effect of adding the flocculant. Based on the research that has been done, optimal flocculant performance was obtained, namely on the variable of poly(SA-co-A) 60:40 dose 2.5 ppm, whereas the results are almost equal or even better than commercial flocculant performance. With the removal percentage for the speed of precipitation and the volume of precipitation increases up to 4.5 and 2 times. Then for TDS and turbidity dropped to 14% and 86%.
Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Hidroksiapatit Cangkang Rajungan dengan Variasi Suhu Kalsinasi dan Konsentasi KH2PO4 menggunakan Metode Presipitasi Sebagai Sediaan Biomaterial Implan Tulang
Bone implants are mostly made of non-degradable metal materials that are toxic to the body. An alternative biodegradable material being developed is Poly-L-Lactic Acid (PLLA). However, PLLA has the disadvantage of being incompatible with bone tissue. So, materials that are biodegradable and biocompatible are needed, such as hydroxyapatite, which has similarities with the minerals in bone and teeth, it suitable as an alternative biomaterial in the biomedical. This research aims to determine the effect of synthesis conditions, with calcination temperature (850, 900, 950, 1000°C) and KH2PO4 concentration (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 M), on the production of hydroxyapatite using raw materials from local blue crab shells, in terms of calcium content, functional group presence, and conformity of hydroxyapatite peaks with JCPDS 09-0432. The synthesized product was characterized using XRF, which showed a relatively high calcium in crab shells of 94.89% at calcination temperature 850°C. The FTIR test results after the mixing of KH2PO4 with CaO showed the formation of hydroxyapatite functional groups, namely OH- and PO43-, in all variables. The XRD test results showed that at 850°C and KH2PO4 concentration of 0.75 M the main peak of hydroxyapatite was closest to JCPDS 09-0432, at a diffraction angle (2θ) of 31.7634.
Sintesis Nanohidroksiapatit Berbahan Cangkang Keong Sawah (Pila ampullacea) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi H3PO4 Menggunakan Metode Ultrasound Assisted Precipitation
Nanohydroxyapatite with the molecular formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a calcium phosphate compound that is most widely used in biomedical applications such as bone and dental implants due to its high biocompatibility. The synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite can be carried out using CaCO3 rich materials such rice field snail shell (Pila ampullacea) with a composition of 93.4% CaCO3. The nanohydroxyapatite synthesis method used is Ultrasound Assisted Precipitation. Calcium obtained from the natural material of rice field snail shell (Pila ampullacea) was reacted with H3PO4 precursor at variable 0.3; 0.5; 0.8; 1; 1.3 M until a precipitate of nanohydroxyapatite particles was formed. To determine the effect of H3PO4 concentration, analysis was conducted on the characteristics of the synthesized nanohydroxyapatite. The SEM-EDX analysis revealed a Ca/P ratio of 1.59-1.72 with spherical particle morphology. The FTIR analysis indicated the presence of hydroxyapatite in the sample through the P-O and O-H functional groups.
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Impregnated Citronella Biomass Using Boric Acid to Produce Furfural
Citronella oil residue is one of the abundant lignocellulosic biomass wastes which has the potential to be converted into useful products through pyrolysis process. One of the useful products that can be produced from this residue is furfural compounds. Previous research has shown that furfural can be produced through the pyrolysis mechanism of lignocellulosic biomass. However, the amount of furfural compounds obtained is still relatively low. Therefore, in this study a research is carried out regarding catalytic pyrolysis process through impregnation method of biomass using boric acid as catalyst to produce furfural compounds with variation of catalyst ratio (0, 0.1, 0.3) and pyrolysis temperature (450 oC, 500 oC, 550 oC) to determine the optimal conditions for furfural production. Using GC-MS analysis, results were obtained which indicated the role of boric acid impregnation in increasing and maximizing the yield of furfural products. The optimal conditions for furfural production were obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 oC and the use of a boric acid catalyst with a ratio of 0.1, whereby the yield of furfural compounds by GCMS analysis was 19.17% area.
Metode Ekstraksi dan Karakterisasi Kitosan Dari Limbah Seafood : Kajian Pustaka
Seafood waste is one of the common sources for chitosan production, such as crustaceans (shrimp, crab, and sea shells), squid cartilage, and others. Chitosan is a cationic biodegradable polymer which is biocompatible and has nontoxic properties to be applied in biological system. Chitosan, degraded from chitin, widely is used for drug delivery, tissue engineering (bone scaffold), food (coating film), agriculture (protection from harmful microorganisms), and pharmacological therapy such as an antibacterial agent for the human body. Chitosan is extracted with various methods such as chemical extraction, biological extraction, and microwave radiation extraction. Tthe characterization of chitosan can be known by percent yield, organoleptic test, dissolution, water content, and FTIR spectroscopy. The purpose of this review article is to overview the chitosan extraction method from environmental waste including the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Effect of Cycling and Washing in Fouling Level from Theaflavin Filtration on Ultrafiltration Membrane
Ultrafiltration membranes, characterized by their molecular weight cutoff ranging from 50 to 100 kDa, are extensively employed for the filtration of macromolecules including suspended solids, carbohydrates, proteins, and various other components. However, the prolonged usage of these membranes leads to a notable decline in their performance due to fouling. Membrane fouling entails the accumulation of filtered foulant media and the formation of deposits, adversely impacting the filtration efficiency. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of repeated filtration cycles on membrane fouling and investigates the effectiveness of membrane washing in restoring membrane performance. The ultrafiltration membrane was subjected to five consecutive repetition cycles using theaflavin as the filtration media. The observed flux exhibited a substantial decline of 87%, decreasing from an initial value of 0.0574 L/m2.hr to 0.0073 L/m2.hr. To mitigate fouling and enhance membrane performance, a thorough washing process was carried out. Following the washing procedure, the flux was found to increase to 0.034 L/m2.hr, indicating a significant improvement in the membrane's performance. These findings are further supported by the morphological analysis of the membrane using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs, which reveal the distinct differences between the membrane's morphology before and after washing.
Prediksi Kesetimbangan Cair-Cair pada Sistem Air + Asam Format + Pelarut Organik dengan Model UNIFAC
Formic acid can be produced by a fermentation process, producing an aqueous solution in the form of a fermentation broth. The separation of formic acid from water is challenging due to the presence of an azeotropic mixture. The aim of this research is to predict the liquid-liquid equilibrium data using the universal functional activity coefficient (UNIFAC) model for formic acid + organic solvent + water systems at 298.15 and 323.15 K and atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). The liquid-liquid equilibrium data are required as a reference for optimal design of formic acid extraction process. This research also introduces new two-phase systems for the separation of formic acid from aqueous solution and expands the scope of thermodynamic studies on formic acid extraction. The extraction performance was in the order of MIPK > 2-hexanone > MIBK. The temperature has no significant influence on the extraction performance. The prediction of formic acid + water + MIBK system at 298,15 K and atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) was also compared with the experimental data with the RMSD 9,76 %. This result represented that UNIFAC was a reliable model for the prediction of liquid-liquid equilibria of system involving formic acid.
Prediksi Data Kesetimbangan Cair-cair Pada Sistem Terner Air + Asam Laktat + Pelarut Menggunakan Model UNIFAC-DMD
Industrial lactic acid can be produced via chemical synthesis and fermentative production. However, due to the environmental issue and consumer preference, fermentative production of lactic acid is preferable. Lactic acid is used in many industries, including food processing, pharmaceutical, chemical and cosmetic industries. Various methods have been developed for separating lactic acid from its aqueous solution, and liquid-liquid extraction is considered as the most promising and efficient method. Liquid-liquid equilibrium data provide the basis for a rational design and optimal extraction operation. The objective of this study is to predict the liquid-liquid equilibria in the ternary systems of water+ lactic acid + solvent (MIBK, 2-pentanol, 1-hexanol) at temperatures of 303.15 K and 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) using the UNIFAC-Dortmund (DMD) model. The distribution coefficients and separation factors were determined to evaluate the extraction performance of lactic acid. The extraction performance was in the order of MIBK > 1-hexanol > 2-pentanol. The prediction of lactic acid + water + MIBK system at 303,15 K was also compared with the experimental data with the RMSD 2,5 %. This result represented that UNIFAC-DMD was a reliable model for the prediction of liquid-liquid equilibria of system involving lactic acid.
Pengaruh Variasi Bahan Pengendap pada Proses Purifikasi Enzim Bromelin dari Bonggol Nanas (Ananas Comosus L.)
Waste from processed pineapples (pineapple core) is currently underutilized, despite the high content of the bromelain enzyme found in the fruit. This research aims to determine the effect of precipitating agents on the purification process of bromelain enzyme production using a phosphate buffer on the resulting enzyme yield and to analyze the effect of the precipitating agents on the purification process of bromelain enzyme production using a phosphate buffer on the bromelain enzyme activity. The variables used in this study were a 0.1 M phosphate buffer, 55%; 60%; 65%; 70%; 75% aseton concentration, 5%; 10%; 15%; 20%; 25% NaCl concentration, and 60%; 65%; 70%; 75%; 80% ethanol concentration. This study will be conducted in three stages, namely Extraction, Purification, and Drying. The highest yield was obtained with 60% aseton concentration (1.44%), 65% ethanol concentration (1.42%), and 15% NaCl concentration (2.2%). The optimal enzyme activity was obtained with 60% aseton concentration (20225.616 U/gr), 65% ethanol concentration (6266.765 U/gr), and 15% NaCl concentration (2281.357 U/gr). In conclusion, the best result for producing bromelain enzyme powder from pineapple cores is by using a 60% aseton concentration solvent.
Pengaruh penambahan Ekstrak Biji Kelor sebagai Antioksidan Masker Gel peel off
Compounds called antioxidants are particularly beneficial to human health. Antioxidant substances are frequently utilized as free radicals because they can prevent the growth of oxidation reactions. Because of their high antioxidant content, moringa seeds produce oil that is resistant to rancidity and does not easily oxidize. The peel-off gel mask formulation in this investigation included Moringa seed oil extract as a source of natural components. The goal of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of a peel-off gel mask preparation made from Moringa seed oil extract. Maceration extraction is the technique used for extraction, and DPPH is the technique used to test for antioxidants. The results showed that the sample with a solvent volume of 450 ml had the best yield (34.64%), and the antioxidant activity of the extract of Moringa seed oil was measured at 256.89 g/ml with an average pH of 5.79. The Moringa seed oil extract peel-off gel mask has the attributes of being white, thick, and smelling like moringa seeds. The peel-off gel mask gets thicker the more Moringa seed oil extract there is in it. This study establishes the potential of using Moringa seed oil extract in peel-off gel mask formulations extract in peel-off gel mask formulations.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Polyaluminium Choride (PAC) dan Polydadmac Terhadap Proses Koagulasi dan Flokulasi pada Pengolahan Air Sungai Cengkareng Drain
This study was conducted to determine the effect of the concentration ratio of Polyaluminium Choride (PAC) and Polydadmac coagulants on the coagulation and flocculation processes in river water treatment. The raw water used is raw water that is processed by IPA Taman Kota PT. XYZ namely Cengkareng Drain river water with a turbidity of 19.3 NTU and a pH of 7.22. This study uses the jar test method. The selected variables are variations in the concentration of PAC and polydadmac. The water produced from the jar test was tested for its turbidity and pH. This research was started by sampling raw water, then 1000 ml was put in each glass jar test tool. Then the flocculation process was carried out with a stirring speed of 200 rpm for 2 minutes. Followed by the coagulation process with a stirring speed of 40 rpm for 18 minutes. The process continued with sedimentation for 10 minutes. The optimum dose obtained was the combination of 20 ppm PAC and 0.4 ppm polydadmac with a turbidity value of 1.08 NTU or with a removal efficiency value of 94.40% and a pH value of 7.06.
Studi Recovery Tembaga pada Proses Froth Flotation dari Bijih Tembaga Papua, Indonesia dengan Variasi pH dan Konsentrasi Kolektor
In the process of flotation of copper-bearing ore, several factors such as the concentration of the collector used and the pH of the fluid used can have an impact. In this study, observations were made on the influence of collector concentration and pH on the recovery of copper ores from Papua, Indonesia. The ore samples were obtained from three different site. Preparation of samples were conducted by crushing and sieving to obtain solid particles with a size of +200 mesh. The fine particles then fed into froth flotation device. Froth flotation operations were carried out at different operating condition namely pH (pH 3, pH 6, and pH 9), xanthate concentration (1300, 2000, and 2600 ppm), and time (3, 5, 7, and 14 minutes). The froth and tailings were collected separately and dried in an oven at 60oC. The feed, froth, and tailings were then subjected to EDX analysis to determine their compositions. The results of the experiment showed that higher collector concentrations did not necessarily lead to increased copper recovery. The appropriate pH conditions, however, could optimize copper recovery. The optimum conditions obtained from this experiment were xanthate concentration of 2000 ppm, pH of 3, and the ore sample 2
Penjerapan Natrium pada Hasil Ekstraksi Silika dari Lumpur Panas Bumi
Geothermal sludge contains silica which can be used as plant fertilizer. Extraction of silica from geothermal sludge can be carried out by the extraction method using sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium silicate. This extraction was conducted by varying the extraction time of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 minutes; NaOH concentration of 1,5N; and extraction temperature of 80oC. Extracted silica concentration was analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The best extracted silica content was 158673 ppm under 60 minutes of extraction time, 80oC of extraction temperature, and 1.5N of NaOH concentration. The results of this extraction still contain sodium at a concentration and need to be reduced so that it can be used as fertilizer. The process of reducing sodium concentration using the ion exchange method in a batch system. This process uses variations of initial sodium concentration with a resin mass of 20 grams and temperature of 45oC. From the Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis, the adsorption capacity (qe) increases with increasing the initial sodium concentration. Langmuir's equilibrium provide a match to the adsorption equilibrium experimental data.
Pengaruh Adisi Nano-TiO2 pada Bahan Bakar Diesel Pertamina Dex pada Emisi Gas Buang
The increase in the number of diesel vehicles in Indonesia leads to increased demand for diesel fuel energy, so the use of fuel must be managed as effectively and efficiently as possible. In this research, the addition of TiO2 nanoparticle additives to Pertamina Dex was carried out, using ultrasonic bath method. Each batch of synthesis was carried out in a capacity of 200 mL for 20 minutes, with a loading variation of Nano-TiO2 in Pertamina Dex from 0 mg/L to 200 mg/L. Then they were tested for physical properties such as density, viscosity, flash point and calorific value. They also tested for emission test. It was found that physical properties such as density, viscosity, flash point and calorific value of Pertamina Dex-Nano TiO2 did not change significantly. As of emission test, hydrocarbon emission test result showed 80% decrease, NOx emission test result showed 51% decrease, CO emission test result showed 47% decrease, CO2 emission test result showed 29% increase. Decrease of NOx achieved by lowering peak flame temperature after Nano-TiO2 was added. Decrease of hydrocarbon, decrease of CO and increase of CO2 emission achieved by higher rate of perfect combustion, from O2 supplied by Nano-TiO2.
Sintesis Copper-Nanoparticles dari Limbah Leaching Kalkopirit Sebagai Zat Antibakteri dengan Metode Reduksi
Nanoparticle technology has been widely used in various industries because of its advantages in particle size control systems. One example of the use of nanoparticle technology is copper nanoparticles as an antibacterial material. This research focuses on the utilization of leaching waste as a material for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles was carried out by chemical reduction method between chalcopyrite stone leaching waste namely CuSO4 as precursor, Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) as surfactant and NaBH4 reducing agent. The synthesized material will be analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, the particle size will be estimated using PSA and its antibacterial properties will be analyzed using the well diffusion method by looking at the effectiveness of the inhibitory power against Escherichia coli FNCC 0049 and Staphylococcus bacteria aureus FNCC 0047. The results of the synthesis obtained the smallest size of 235.7 nm from the ratio of precursor concentration, reducing agent concentration and, a surfactant concentration of 1:20:8. The results of the synthesis of copper nanoparticles with concentrations of 10.000 ppm showed the presence of inhibitory power to overcome Escherichia coli FNCC 0049 and Staphylococcus bacteria aureus FNCC 0047.
Production of Magnesium Silicate from Rice Husk with Variation of NaOH Concentration and Reaction Time Length Using Sol-gel Method
Rice husk is a by-product of rice production where as much as 9.9 million tons become organic waste. Rice husk ash, which is rich in silica, can be processed into materials that have high selling value. Magnesium silicate is one of the silica-based composite materials with the chemical formula MgSiO3 with an example of its application as a material in the manufacture of magnesium cement. The manufacture of magnesium silicate is done by sol-gel method with NaOH solvent where this method is relatively easy and uses simple equipment. This study was conducted to know the best NaOH concentration and length of reaction time to produce optimal magnesium silicate. The NaOH concentration variables used were 3 M, 5 M, 7 M, and 9 M, while the variable length of reaction time was 90 minutes and 150 minutes. The best NaOH concentration is 7M with 90 minutes of reaction time. This variable gave 49,9% yield of magnesium silicate compared to 3M with 90 minutes reaction time where it gave 17,4% yield. The analytical tests carried out were FITR where this test was carried out to confirm the formation of magnesium silicate
Optimalisasi Regenerasi Dan Pemakaian Kembali Karbon Aktif Untuk Pemungutan Krom Dari Limbah Penyamakan Kulit
In the wastewater treatment of leather tanning processes, commercial activated carbon from palm shells is usually used as an adsorbent. Therefore, a study is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of activated carbon that has been repeatedly regenerated and used as a total chromium adsorbent medium in wastewater. This study aims to examine the leaching process that uses acids and bases to analyze the adsorption and regeneration processes of activated carbon. Adsorption time variations of 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes were used to evaluate how activated carbon interacts with wastewater. Then, the effluent was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to determine the amount of total chromium remaining in the sample. The activated carbon which had been used as an adsorbent was contacted with 0.1 M H2S04 solution for 4 hours and stirred at 400 rpm using a magnetic stirrer to regenerate the surface of the activated carbon. It is neutralized with an alkaline solution. The Freundlich model is used to determine the value of the adsorption equilibrium constant. After testing 5 times, commercial activated carbon can still be used effectively as a adsorbent medium for total chromium (total Cr) repeatedly. Optimum adsorption contact time was 90 minutes. The optimum absorption efficiency during the fifth stage of the adsorption process was 43.93%.
Studi Perancangan Material Komposit Berbahan Dasar Kitosan dan Selulosa Sebagai Langkah Pengendalian Limbah Tekstil Methylene Blue
The amount of methylene blue (MB) in water bodies is one of the environmental issues that still need to be considered. The vast concentration of MB may increase the chemical oxygen demand level, so it has the potential to disrupt aquatic ecosystems. On the other hand, the adsorption process is one of the best methods that functionalizes as a utility for dye removal. This research studied the MB adsorption characteristic using cellulose-based adsorbent from banana fronds. Adsorbents were synthesized and modified using chitosan, bentonite, and acid addition. The adsorption process occurred at various concentrations of MB (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 ppm) then the result will be proved and calculated by analysis using UV Vis and FTIR Spectrophotometer. The result showed that the bentonite addition could not increase the adsorption capacity optimally due to fluctuating spectrum of UV-Vis. In conclusion, the adsorbent can absorb MB in wastewater which is the optimal condition at 80 ppm for 24 hours.
Pengurangan Kadar Chrom dari Limbah Cair Industri Menggunakan Sistem Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetland (Ssf-Cw) dengan Tanaman Akar Wangi pada Media Kerikil dan Granul Fly Ash
Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetland (SSF-CW) is one of the engineered of sewage treatment systems built and designed involving aquatic plants, soil or other media and related microbes, with more controlled treatment using sub-surface flow types. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of aquatic plants to reduce of chromium (Cr) in wastewater, to understand the effect of fly media ash and gravel media in the constructed wetland system in reducing chrom in wastewater. The Constructed Wetland was designed made of plastic with the Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetland (SSF-CW) model with 3 zones, zone 1 which is inlet zone and zone 3 which is outlet having dimensions of 37 x 54.5 x 60 cm, while zone 2 which is a reaction zone with dimensions 75 x 52.6 x 43.5 cm. The results showed that overall chrom removal from wastewater in RI, RII, RIII was 85.76, 93.24, and 74.69%, respectively. During the study, there was a growth of the plants, indicated by the presence of new shoots and an increase in the weight of plants. The kinetic model for reducing chromium content in wastewater at the RI, RII and RIII reactors follows the first order equation with a value of k value of 5.3411; 2,4006; and 0.1330.
Limbah Partikel Keramik Platinum dan Kaca Lampu Clear Philips sebagai Additive Semen Pengeboran ditinjau Compressive Strength, Shear Bond Strength, dan Thickening Time
Ceramic and glass particle waste is generated in large quantities as a result of their extensive use in various applications. Inappropriate disposal of the waste can lead to environmental degradation and health hazards. This research utilizes ceramic and glass wastes as drilling cement additives in the oil and gas industry. The objective of this research is to study the effect of adding ceramic and glass waste on the properties of drilling cement, including compressive strength, shear bond strength, and thickening time. With composition percentage ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, and 40% by weight of cement, the slurry was poured into 1.2x2 inch cubic molds to test compressive strength and into 1.2x2 inch cylindrical molds to test shear bond strength. The findings of this study indicate that the addition of ceramic and glass waste as a drilling cement additive has a positive effect on compressive strength, shear bond strength, and thickening time and is also effective for use as an alternative additive in drilling cement operations
Pengolahan Limbah Warna DYA Industri Pencelupan Tekstil dengan Teknologi UV / H2O2/ TiO2
Textile wastewater often contains non-biodegradable as well as toxic dyes, for example Dianix Yellow Ace (DYA). One possible destructive method of treating such waste treatment is the Advance Oxidation Processes (AOPs), in which the oxidation of organic compounds by potent hydroxyl radicals (● OH) occurs. This research had a novelty of combining UV / H2O2 with UV / TiO2 to study the effect of treatment process’ variables, i.e. [H2O2], [TiO2] and initial pH on the rate of degradation as well as the ratio of BOD / COD until biodegradability threshold was reached. This research employed a Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental design technique that used factorial design and included center points as well as axial points for better accuracy and understanding of the process. CCD helped create a response surface model for optimization and prediction. The variations were the concentration of H2O2 between 0.01 - 1.00 %w, TiO2 concentrations ranging from 0.80 to 3.00 g.L-1 and initial pH between 1 - 11. The order and reaction rate constants were also determined by measuring the DYA concentrations using a spectrophotometer. The optimum condition for DYA degradation was found at pH 3, 0.2% H2O2 and [TiO2] 3 g.L-1 with a pseudo first-order rate constant of 0.0524 min-1. UV irradiation around 75 minutes resulted in DYA removal of 99%. The wastewater fell into the biodegradable limit after 60 minutes treatment, with a value of BOD / COD ratio was 0.1029 so that the wastewater became biodegradable to be further treated by much cheaper biological method.
Review: Biomassa Sebagai Adsorbent untuk Pengolahan Logam Berat Pada Air Limbah Industri
Industrial wastewater generally contains heavy metalssuch as lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium and mercury. Contamination of water with these elements is very dangerous and will pollute the environment, so a suitable waste water treatment is required. This review aims to find out the efficient methods of handling industrial wastewater and the benefits of biomass. Many scientific methods are used in this regard, including adsorption, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, membrane filtration, coagulation and flocculation. However, some of these techniques have drawbacks such aswill produce a large amount of metal sludge, making it difficult to recycle metal, and the formation of toxic sludge or other wastes. Of all these techniques, adsorption with adsorbent biomasshas been widely known because it is an economical, effective and environmentally friendly processing technique, so this method is suitable for treating industrial wastewater. The use of biomass as an adsorbent is intendedto help reduce dependence on fossil raw materials and greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.
Analisa Kandungan Logam Berat Krom pada Air Sumur Menggunakan Spektrofotometri
Clean water has many uses in human daily life. The quality of clean water can be seen from three aspects: chemical, physical, and biological. Chromium (VI) or Cr (VI) is one type of heavy metal that can be harmful to human health if it is present in water because it is carcinogenic. This research will determine the level of chromium in well water samples in the Kalipecabean, Keputih, Kapas Madya, Nginden, and Madura areas using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and compare it with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32/MENKES/PER/2017. The initial stage of the experiment includes the preparation of reagent solutions, followed by the calibration of the instrument and the preparation of a standard curve by making standard solutions with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm. The standard solutions are then tested for their absorbance using a spectrophotometer. The final stage is adding reagents to the water samples and measuring their absorbance using a spectrophotometer. From the results of the study, it was found that the levels of chromium in the well water samples in the Kalipecabean, Keputih, Kapas Madya, Nginden, and Madura areas are 0.004 ppm, 0.005 ppm, 0.005 ppm, 0.002 ppm, and 0.003 ppm, respectively. The experimental results show that the level of chromium contained in the well water is relatively low and still meets the maximum chromium content level in water according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32/MENKES/PER/2017.
Pengaruh Massa Bioadsorben dari Klobot Jagung Terhadap Penurunan Kandungan Asam Lemak Bebas (FFA), Nilai Peroksida (PV) dan Tingkat Warna Dalam Minyak Sawit Mentah (CPO)
Indonesia as an agricultural country, produces many agricultural products. In addition to agricultural products, agricultural waste is also generated throughout the year. This agricultural waste is still underutilized. One of the efforts to utilize agricultural waste is to process agricultural waste into bioadsorbent. This study aims to study the effect of the mass of bioadsorbent from agricultural waste, namely corn husks on reducing levels of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and color in crude palm oil (CPO). Clean corn husks are then mashed, after which it is reacted with NaOH to remove the lignin content and neutralized with HCl, so that a bioadsorbent is obtained. Crude palm oil is heated to 80 oC, then mixed with 2 to 10 grams of bioadsorbent according to the variables used. The mixture was stirred at 500 rpm for one hour, and the temperature was maintained at 80 oC. After the adsorption process is complete, the mixture is filtered using a vacuum pump and the filtrate is taken. The filtrate obtained was analyzed for free fatty acid content, peroxide value and color. The research resulted in the more mass of bioadsorbent used, the greater the decrease in free fatty acid levels, peroxide value and color. Using 10 g of bioadsorbent can reduce FFA levels by 41.29%, reduce PV values by 54.96% and reduce color absorbance by 29.06%.
Physical Separation Bahan Aktif Katoda dari Campuran Hasil CrushingBaterai Lithium-Ion Bekas
The increasing use of electric vehicles in the coming decades makes the recycling of spent li-ion batteries an important topic to develop. Recycling spent li-ion batteries is necessary to extract valuable materials from the battery cathode. Elutriation is one of the separation method to separate the cathode and anode from the blackmass resulting from crushing by utilizing differences in density and terminal velocity. The Elutriation method is attractive to develop because the separation is done by adjusting the fluid velocity and does not use chemicals. In this study, 4 variations of fluid load will be used, namely 24, 27, 30, and 34 mL/min. The blackmass to be elutriated has a size variation between -38 to +53 micrometers. From the results under the elutriator, the cathode mass obtained for fluid load variations of 24, 27, 30, and 34 mL/min are 0.8366, 0.4333, 0.3907, and 0.1349 grams. The highest cathode recovery at a load of 24 mL/min is 97.21% and the cathode fraction is 0.4091. Furthermore, it can increase the cathode composition in the mixture by 48.98% and reduce the anode composition by 18.54%.
Pemanfaatan Membran Selulosa Bakteri dari Limbah Kulit Pisang sebagai Matriks Masker Antioksidan
Banana skins have several potential applications in the health and beauty industries. Through a fermentation process with the help of Acetobacter xylinum, it produces banana skin bacterial cellulose. It is possible to further process this cellulose into a face mask matrix. Bacterial cellulose has biodegradable properties, a low toxicity value, and a good absorption ability to be applied as a face mask matrix. The addition of serum to the mask matrix aims to focus on the function of the formulated matrix. Methods: filtering the sample; making nata de banana skin with different fermentation times; making a matrix mask; matrix mask characterization; and data analysis. The results of the study showed that the variation of different fermentation times can affect the resulting cellulose products. The optimal fermentation time for producing nata was 10 days, resulting in a thickness of 0.92 cm. Then, the evaluation tensile strength test on the mask matrix revealed the highest value was also a 10-day fermentation variation, 3.000–10.000 kg/cm2. And last, the best test of the release of vitamin C is the 10-day fermentation variation.
Evaluasi Perbandingan Kinerja Attached Culture Bioreaktor dan Hybrid Membran Bioreaktor dalam Mendegradasi Air Limbah
Restaurant wastewater is categorized as grey wastewater, which is low strength wastewater with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of <1,000 mg/L. Therefore, further treatment is necessary before it is discharged into the environment. This study focused on comparing the performance of an attached culture bioreactor and a Hybrid Membrane Bioreactor (HMBR) in degrading restaurant wastewater. The bioreactors used a mesh filter support media of 70-80 μm. The bioreactors were operated with COD feed concentration 600 ppm and HRT 13 hour, with artificial grey water waste feed consisting of sugar, urea, KH2PO4, and tapioca flour. The %COD removal achieved by the attached culture bioreactor and HMBR was 90,48% – 90,95% and 96,28%– 96,79%, the turbidity out achieved by the attached culture bioreactor and HMBR was 57,42 – 60,25NTU and 4,95 – 5,62NTU, MLSS value reached 2,36 – 2,86ppm and 2,36 – 2,86ppm. The conclusion of this research shows that the HMBR has relatively better performance than the attached culture bioreactor
Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Debit Air (QL) dan Debit Gas (QG) terhadap Koefisien Transfer Oksigen (KLa) pada Performa Microbubble Generator
The domestic wastewater treatment plant is usually installed using anaerobic system which has the disadvantage for low conversion process and large volume required. While the effectiveness of aerobic system can be increased by high consumption of energy to supply the oxygen. This study investigates the performance of Microbubble Generator (MBG) for wastewater treatment. The MBG utilizes the hydrodinamics of wastewater flow in the nozzle to provide energy-saving aeration. In this study, the clean water non-steady state test method was selected to find the overall oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa). The experiment was conducted by increasing the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) using MBG installed with submersible pump (water discharge, QL=80 l/min) and variations of gas discharge (QG) (0.15 l/min and 0.30 l/min). The KLa average results on QL 80 l/min at QG 0.15 l/min showed 0.01996/min and at QG 0.30 l/min showed 0.02564/min. These results indicate that the greater gas discharge (QG) can produce a greater KLa value. This happens because the more air is injected into the water and forms into micro-sized bubbles, the greater the rate of transfer oxygen to the liquid phase.
Batik Industry Wastewater Treatment using Constructed Wetland in Sidoarjo Regency
Batik is one of the industrial potentials of Indonesia, which is experiencing rapid growth in various regions. Besides providing economic benefits, the batik industry also harms the environment. One of the processing methods that can be used as a solution is the Constructed Wetland (CW) method. This method is appropriate because it doesn't require high processing and maintenance costs and the process is simple and uses local resources. The purpose of this study was to measure the efficiency of batik industry wastewater treatment in reducing the pollutant load with the CW system so that the waste discharged into the environment can be declared safe. The parameters studied were COD, and TSS with the Hydraulic Retention Time for 10, 20, and 30 days. The results of the analysis of the initial content obtained a COD value of 1832,02 mg/L and a TSS value of 300 mg/L. Based on the results of the research that has been done, the results obtained for the removal of COD and TSS at 10 days HRT were 92.698% and 83.33%, then HRT 20 days of 94.603% and 86.67%. and then HRT 30 days of 96.138 % and 93.33%.
Semiconductor material is a material that is widely used in the chemical industry, especially as a photocatalyst. CuO is a semiconductor material that is active in the visible light range. Semiconductor materials can undergo recombination, rGO was used as a composite material into CuO to reduce recombination in this study. This study aims to look at the characteristics of the synthesized CuO/rGO. The processes performed include synthesis of CuO/rGO and characterization of CuO/rGO. The XRD results show the peaks of the diffractogram indicating of rGO peaks interpreted (002), peaks at (110), (-111), (111), (-202), (020), (202), (-113), (- 331), (220), (311) and (004) indicate the monoclinic phase of CuO has been formed. FTIR results indicating Cu-OH absorption show peak at wave numbers 3441.0 cm-1 and 894.97 cm-1, O-C-O vibrations present in CuO/rGO indicating adsorption at 2360.8 cm-1, 1975.1 and 1512 .1 cm-1 appears due to the C=C stretching vibrations in the rGO layer, 1033.8 cm-1 absorbs C-O stretching vibrations and 609.51 and 439.77 cm-1 have relative peaks indicating Cu-O stretching vibrations. The DRS results show that CuO/rGO has band gap value of 1.54 eV.
Pengaruh Lapisan Kalsium pada Devais Sel Surya Organik Berbasis Bahan Polimer
Organic solar cells (OSC) as an emerging photovoltaics devices have potential clean energy source due to their advantages properties, including low-cost production, light weight, and promising for flexible devices. In this study, we investigated the effect of calcium as buffer layer on top photoactive layer of the polymer based solar cell device. Poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) as donor material combining with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) were blended to form bulk heterojunction. Calcium was deposited on top of polymer (P3HT) and fullerene derivative (PC61BM) photoactive layer using thermal evaporation inside ultrahigh vacuum chamber. Calcium was selected as buffer layer because of its low-work -function in order to improve performance of polymer solar cells. Our study presented that calcium buffer layer enhanced the performance of solar cells mainly in open circuit voltage, VOC, (0.45 V to 0.61 V) and fill factor, FF, (44% to 65%), increasing power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 1.79% to 3.79%. This result suggested that the improvement of polymer solar cells performance because of the recombination suppression and more efficient charge transfer in cathode. The energy level alignment and work function properties of calcium form an ideal ohmic contact between the active layer and the cathode, thus ensuring effective electron injection from the active layer to the cathode. We also demonstrated the fabrication of polymer solar cells device under ambient atmosphere. However, the devices fabricated under ambient atmosphere have lower performances than fabricated inside nitrogen filled glovebox, because polymer photoactive material and calcium are easily degraded by moisture.
Penentuan Dimensi Pipa Pada Lapangan Panasbumi Gedongsongo
To meet the demand for electricity in the Ungaran area in particular, it is necessary to build geothermal power in the Gedongsongo area, but there are no production facilities, both below and on the surface, so the authors plan production facilities on the surface, regarding the selection of optimum pipe diameters. The goal is to build a power plant with a capacity of 110 MWe based on the optimum diameter, which provides the smallest possible loss of pressure and temperature and the maximum possible mass flow, for this the authors use the pressure loss profiles from Begg and Brill and temperature loss using the 1st law of thermodynamics, With two-dimensional Newton Rapson manipulation, it can be seen that the drop in pressure and temperature at the exit point simultaneously on a pipe segment. In this field, there are 4 clusters, including: cluster 1 (4 wells), cluster 2 (5 wells), cluster 4 (2 wells), each 2 wells served by 1 separator, starting from the pressure of each wellhead 15 Barg, dryness 0.25 and rate 105.5 kg/s, insulation thickness 8 cm, polyurethane type, pipe length from wellhead to separator 150 m, resulting in pipe diameter from 18-24 in, minimum thickness from 30.82-39.62 mm, pressure drop 0.55 Barg, temperature 1.67 oC, from separator to turbine input, pipe 50-1200 m long, yield diameter from 16-48 in, minimum thickness 25.01-61.50 mm, pressure drop 1.61 Barg, temperature 3.11 oC, with a generated power of 154 MWe
Pengaruh Kosentrasi Pencampuran Tepung Bonggol Pisang Termodifikasi untuk Pembuatan Mie Basah
Banana tuber flour is a type of non-wheat flour which has a high carbohydrate content so it has the potential to be processed into noodles. However, due to the low protein content and immature physicochemical properties, it is necessary to modify it enzymatically and mix it with wheat flour to obtain good quality noodles. This study aims to obtain enzymatically modified banana tuber flour with suitable characteristics for application in the manufacture of wet noodle products, as well as to obtain a formula (comparison of modified banana tuber flour and wheat flour) which can produce wet noodles that meet the SNI quality requirements. The treatment tested was enzymatically modified banana tuber flour substitution 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 0% were used as control variables. Wet noodle products were tested for water content and noodle organoleptic (smell, color and texture) according to SNI 2987:2015 wet noodle quality requirements. The results showed that the level of wet noodles met SNI standards, namely below 65%. The organoleptic test results showed that the best quality wet noodles were obtained from a combination of 10% modified banana tuber flour and 90% wheat flour with a concentration ratio of -amylase enzyme of 10%. The aroma test obtained a combination of 10% modified banana tuber flour and 90% wheat flour with a concentration ratio of -amylase enzyme of 40%.
Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Tepung Bonggol Pisang Termodifikasi dengan Metode Enzimatis sebagai Bahan Substitusi pada Pembuatan Mi Basah
The banana tuber contains high carbohydrates, but it is still rarely used because of the brown color of the flour due to heating. To cover this deficiency, modification with α-amylase enzyme was carried out. The purpose of this study was to obtain a suitable formulation for the manufacture of wet noodles that meet the requirements of SNI quality standards. The treatment variation made was the ratio of 3 tapioca: 9 banana tuber: 48 wheat (80% wheat), 3 tapioca: 6 banana tuber: 21 wheat (70% wheat), 3 tapioca: 5 banana tuber: 12 wheat (60% wheat). The variation of α-amylase enzyme used was 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% with 0% as the control variable. Organoleptic test to determine the most preferred noodle variation. The test parameters were color, aroma and texture. The results showed that the best quality with color and aroma wet noodles were obtained from a combination of 60% with 40% α-amylase enzyme concentration ratio. As the texture parameters were obtained from a combination of 60% wheat with 10% α-amylase enzyme concentration ratio. The results showed that the moisture content of wet noodles had met the SNI 2987:2015 standard, which is below 65%.
Modifikasi Pati Secara Asetilasi dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Bahan Dasar Filamen Jaring Ikan Ramah Lingkungan
Fishing nets are generally made of synthetic polyamides such as nylon. The use of nylon nets has negative impacts, such as habitat destruction. So it is necessary to consider the use of biodegradable nets. One of the potential natural materials that can be used as eco-friendly fishing net filaments is starch. The research aims to modify cassava and corn starch by acetylation method to improve their characteristics. Starch modification was carried out by adding acetic acid with variable concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% into the starch. Modified starch was analysis for water content, swelling power, solubility, and FTIR. In the manufacture of filaments using modified corn 15% with a test result of 0.04; 0.13; 0.05. The results of the FTIR analysis showed a combined functional group between HDPE and starch at wave numbers 2922.2cm-1 and 1371.7cm-1. Starch content has an effect on reducing the weight of filament degradation. SEM analysis showed that the compatibility of the filament with the addition of MA increased but the internal structure of the filament gradually expanded with increasing starch content. The results of the analysis of tensile strength and elongation at break of the filament are 1.81 kgf and 119.77%
Penentuan Kadar Sulfat pada Air Sumur di Wilayah Surabaya Menggunakan Spektrofotometer
The quality of drinking water can be assessed based on three aspects: physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects. One of the chemical aspects in determining water quality is the sulfate content. UV-Vis spectrophotometry method has been widely used to analyze sulfate content. UV-Vis spectrophotometry is a spectroscopic analysis technique that uses an electromagnetic wave source with ultraviolet (UV) for wavelength (190-380 nm) and visible light with wavelength (380-780 nm). The purpose of this study is to determine the absorbance and concentration of samples using spectrophotometric analysis, calculate the sulfate content in the samples, and compare it with the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation Permenkes RI No. 32//2017. The research stages include calibration, calibration curve creation, making standard H2SO4 solutions, measuring the absorbance of the standard solutions, and analyzing the sulfate content in water samples. The research results showed that the sulfate concentration in the Bangkalan, Nginden, Sidoarjo, Keputih, and Kapas Madya well water samples were 14.0817, 27.551, 29.1837, 49.0817, 54.6939 ppm, respectively. Based on the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation Permenkes RI No. 32//2017, the maximum sulfate content in water is 400 mg/L, thus it can be concluded that the water samples in those areas have met the clean water standards.
Pengaruh Variasi Kosentrasi Tepung Tapioka Termodifikasi Dengan Metode Enzimatis Sebagai Bahan Substitusi Pada Proses Pembuatan Mie
Indonesia has dependency to rice Enough high , so request rice very tall And when happen scarcity rice inside _ country . So needed innovation product For cope problem such , ie Wrong only one replace rice with noodles wet as alternative replacement source carbohydrates . Material raw making noodles wet on study This is flour tapioca modified And flour wheat as material substitution . Expected with use material non- flour basis For product noodles capable replace dependency use flour flour . On study This use variation comparison composition flour tapioca modified And flour different flour _ namely ; (10%:90%, 25 % : 75%, and 30%:70%) use variation concentration enzyme 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 0% as control parameters . Results study show comparison flour tapioca modified influential to noodle water content wet And quality noodles wet include (aroma, elasticity , and color ). Highest water content that is sample noodles wet on ratio of 30% flour tapioca modified and 70% flour wheat with 40% enzyme concentration of 64.54 % . According to Body Standard Indonesian National requirements quality noodle water content good wet is 65%, got concluded that noodles wet fulfil requirements.
Pengaruh Waktu Pemasakan dan Konsentrasi NaOH Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Lignin Pulp dari Batang Pisang Kepok dengan Proses Soda
Banana is a plant that has very high cellulose content so it can be used as a raw material for making pulp. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of cooking time and sodium hydroxide concentration on reducing the lignin content of banana stem pulp by soda process. The cooking solution used in the soda process is NaOH solution. With various concentrations of NaOH 20%, 25%, and 30% and cooking time 40, 80, and 120 minutes. The highest lignin content was 1.8785% during pulping for 40 minutes with 20% NaOH concentration. While the lowest lignin content was 1.3093% during pulping for 120 minutes with 30% NaOH concentration.
Bioconversion of Fruit Wastes into High Economic Value of Lipids using Heterotrophic Microalgae Aurantiochytrium from Mangrove Forests of Bunyu Island, North Kalimantan
Aurantiochytrium microalgae is recognized as heterotrophic microalgae enables to produce high economic value of lipids for the use in health care industries. This research presents the production of biomass containing lipids through the bioconversion of fruit waste using Aurantiochytrium microalgae. Aurantiochytrium microalgae isolate was obtained from isolated mangrove leaves in the mangrove forest of Bunyu Island, North Kalimantan. The production process takes place in three stages, namely standing culture (SC), pre-culture (PC), and main culture. The SC and PC stages took place 48 hours respectively, while the MC took place 120 hours. The source of nutrition at the main cultivation stage (MC) used monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a nitrogen source, while the carbon source was from fruit waste. Amount of 250 grams of fruit waste was mixed and blended, added with 250 ml of water and then sonicated. The mass ratio of nitrogen source and carbon source was 1:3. The maximum of observed microalgal cell diameters for each stage were 14.5 μm (SC), 19.2 μm (PC) and 25.5 μm (MC). Produced biomass in this experiment has the characteristics of a yellow emulsion liquid, pH 6.2, fishy smell and total dissolved solids (TDS) of 4,820 ppm and a wet biomass of 68 g/l
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Corn Cob Using Fe-Ni/Char Catalyst
There is a growing interest to convert biomass waste such as corn cob to biofuel. Thermal conversion such as pyrolisis may play an important role to produce bio-oil. The objective of this research was to develop a kinetic study of catalytic pyrolysis of corn cob over Fe-Ni/Char catalyst using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The solid catalyst was prepared by impregnation method. The ratio of the percentages of Fe and Ni metals in the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis of the catalyst was close to 1:1, resulting in metal loading values of 2.5% (1.062% and 1.013%), 5% (2.291% and 2.794%), and 10% (4.947% and 5.417%) for the catalyst. The pyrolysis experiments were performed using various catalyst loadings of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10%. In addition, the present study also investigated the influence of heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 K min-1. Two isoconversion models, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) were utilized to determine the activation energies. The activation energies calculated using the KAS and OFW models revealed a consistent trend, with values of activation energy of corn cob pyrolysis around 124 - 303 kJ/mol and 133 - 313 kJ/mol, respectively.
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