A Critical Review of Carbonization Hydrothermal and Pyrolysis for Adsorbent Production and the Application in Industrial Dye Removal

Authors

  • Retno Dwi Nyamiati Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Jl. SWK No. 104, Ngropoh, Condong Catur, Depok, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, Postcode. 5598, Indonesia
  • Putri Restu Dewati Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Jl. SWK No. 104, Ngropoh, Condong Catur, Depok, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, Postcode. 5598, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Redo Ramadhan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Jl. SWK No. 104, Ngropoh, Condong Catur, Depok, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, Postcode. 5598, Indonesia
  • Ika Wahyuning Widiarti Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mineral and Energy Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Jl. SWK No. 104, Ngropoh, Condong Catur, Depok, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, Postcode. 5598, Indonesia
  • A Hidayat Nurwahid Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Jl. SWK No. 104, Ngropoh, Condong Catur, Depok, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, Postcode. 5598, Indonesia
  • Nabila Aulia Balqis Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Jl. SWK No. 104, Ngropoh, Condong Catur, Depok, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, Postcode. 5598, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31315/eksergi.v22i2.14742

Abstract

Biochar is increasingly recognised as a low-cost and efficient adsorbent for removing organic dyes from wastewater. This review outlines recent developments in biochar production, particularly comparing biochars produced via pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC). While pyrolysis biochar often exhibits a higher surface area, HTC biochar offers improved oxygen-containing functional groups, contributing to enhanced dye affinity. Studies indicate that biochar can achieve adsorption capacities ranging from 2 to 1353.09 mg/g for dyes such as methylene blue and crystal violet, comparable to or exceeding that of pyrolysis-derived biochars. The review also highlights characterisation techniques such as XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM to evaluate surface functionality, porosity, and morphology, which directly influence adsorption performance. Practical implications include the suitability of HTC biochar for low-energy, decentralised wastewater treatment systems, particularly in textile and dyeing industries. By connecting production parameters with biochar properties, this review provides insights into optimizing biochar as an adsorbent, particularly for the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.

Downloads

Published

2025-07-18

How to Cite

Nyamiati, R. D., Putri Restu Dewati, Muhammad Redo Ramadhan, Ika Wahyuning Widiarti, A Hidayat Nurwahid, & Nabila Aulia Balqis. (2025). A Critical Review of Carbonization Hydrothermal and Pyrolysis for Adsorbent Production and the Application in Industrial Dye Removal . Eksergi, 22(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.31315/eksergi.v22i2.14742

Issue

Vol. 22 No. 2 (2025)

Section

Artikel

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Retno Dwi Nyamiati, Putri Restu Dewati, Muhammad Redo Ramadhan, Ika Wahyuning Widiarti, A Hidayat Nurwahid, Nabila Aulia Balqis

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License(CC BY SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).


Eksergi allows authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights without restrictions.