Abstract
Digitalisasi yang ada membuat adanya transformasi praktik diplomasi dari diplomasi tradisional menjadi diplomasi digital. Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-45, Donald Trump menjadi sorotan publik dikarenakan cuitannya yang kontroversial. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana Donald Trump menggunakan twitter sebagai alat diplomasi publik digitalnya dan mengapa praktik Twiplomacy Donald Trump dianggap kontroversial dan cerminan ironi diplomasi publik. Penulisan didasarkan pada konsep diplomasi publik digital yang diterapkan dalam analisa tweet akun @realDonaldTrump pada tahun 2017 hingga 2021. Indikasi kontroversial dan ironi diplomasi Trump dilihat dari reaksi sosial masyarakat Twitter dalam setiap postingannya. Trump menggunakan Twitter sebagai media untuk berkomunikasi, berinteraksi, dan menyampaikan informasi kenegaraan kepada publik. Diketahui total tweet trump selama masa kepresidenannya yakni sekitar 26.242 ribu tweet. Dari tweet tersebut ditemukan bahwa Trump sering menggunakan bahasa yang kasar, arogansi, dan asumsi pribadi dalam unggahan tweetnya. Hal tersebut yang mendasari mengapa tweet Donald Trump disebut sebagai cerminan kontroversi dan ironi diplomasi publik digital.
Kata Kunci: twiplomacy, diplomasi publik digital, @realDonaldTrump, kontroversial.
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