Abstrak
Penghentian energi nuklir (nuclear phase-out) di Jerman mencapai tahap final pada April 2023 dengan ditutupnya tiga reaktor nuklir terakhir, yaitu Emsland, Neckarwestheim II, dan Isar II. Kebijakan ini berlangsung di tengah krisis energi Eropa akibat terganggunya pasokan gas alam Rusia pasca konflik Rusia-Ukraina tahun 2022, yang menyebabkan kerentanan terhadap keamanan energi Jerman. Sebagai negara industri maju yang sebelumnya mengandalkan energi nuklir sebagai sumber base-load electricity, keputusan tersebut menimbulkan tantangan besar terhadap stabilitas jaringan listrik nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberhasilan Jerman dalam menggantikan fungsi energi beban dasar (base-load) melalui percepatan pengembangan energi surya sebagai bagian dari kebijakan Energiewende. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka (literature review) dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder berupa jurnal ilmiah, laporan resmi pemerintah Jerman, serta publikasi lembaga energi internasional periode 2021–2024. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan transformasi energi Jerman didukung oleh efektivitas kebijakan desentralisasi energi melalui instalasi panel surya skala rumah tangga dan industri, dukungan regulasi seperti Solarpaket I, reformasi EEG, insentif fiskal, serta integrasi teknologi penyimpanan energi dan smart grid. Kontribusi energi terbarukan yang mencapai lebih dari 50% dalam bauran listrik nasional menunjukkan bahwa model energi tanpa nuklir tetap layak diterapkan, meskipun masih menghadapi tantangan intermitensi dan kebutuhan investasi infrastruktur jangka panjang.
Kata kunci: Energiewende; energi surya; keamanan energi
Referensi
- Asia Today. (2023). Jerman Segera Akhiri Masa Pembangkit Nuklir. https://asiatoday.id/read/jerman-segera-akhiri-masa-pembangkit-nuklir
- BMWE. (2024). Bundestag and Bundesrat adopt Solar Package I. https://www.bundeswirtschaftsministerium.de/Redaktion/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2024/04/20240426-bundestag-and-bundesrat-adopt-solar-package-i.html
- Brendel, J. (2024). Solar package I: How companies can benefit from the new regulation. https://enviria.energy/en/blog/solar-package-1-how-companies-benefit-from-the-new-regulation#8ebc11a0-2720-4a87-a8c0-a05c7efd619f
- Clean Energy Wire. (2022). Germany’s 2022 renewables and efficiency reforms. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-2022-renewables-and-energy-reforms
- Clean Energy Wire. (2024). Q&A - Germany’s nuclear exit: One year after. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/qa-germanys-nuclear-exit-one-year-after
- Clean Energy Wire. (2025a). Germany’s energy consumption and power mix in charts. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-energy-consumption-and-power-mix-charts
- Clean Energy Wire. (2025b). Solar power in Germany – output, business & perspectives. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/solar-power-germany-output-business-perspectives
- DNV. (2026). Energy Risk Management: what is it? https://www.dnv.com/assurance/articles/energy-risk-management-definition-types-of-risks/
- Energy Charts. (2024). Column charts on electricity generation. https://www.energy-charts.info/charts/energy/chart.htm?l=en&c=DE&interval=year&year=2024
- Eurostat. (2025). Electricity price statistics - Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics
- Fieldvest. (2025). Energy Diversification Strategies.
- https://www.energyfieldinvest.com/post/energy-diversification-strategies
- Foro Nuclear. (2025). Germany’s nuclear shutdown mistake: rising prices, increased emissions, and economic recession. https://www.foronuclear.org/en/updates/in-depth/germanys-nuclear-shutdown-mistake-rising-prices-increased-emissions-and-economic-recession/
- GEM Energy Analytics. (2023). Capture price of imports/exports in Germany. https://gemenergyanalytics.substack.com/p/capture-price-of-importsexports-in
- IESR. (2016). Program Energiewende di Jerman : Pembelajaran untuk Pengembangan Energi Terbarukan di Indonesia - IESR. https://iesr.or.id/program-energiewende-di-jerman-pembelajaran-untuk-pengembangan-energi-terbarukan-di-indonesia/
- International Energy Agency. (2021). Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. 70.
- Michael, A. D. S. (2025). ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN KEAMANAN ENERGI JERMAN DALAM MENGHADAPI KRISIS ENERGI TAHUN 2022.
- Morgan, J. . (2022). Europe’s Energy Crisis: A Harsh Winter Ahead for Commodities. https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/global-research/commodities/europe-energy-crisis?
- Renn, O., & Marshall, J. P. (2016). Coal, nuclear and renewable energy policies in Germany: From the 1950s to the “Energiewende.” Energy Policy, 99, 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.004
- Rogge, K. S., & Johnstone, P. (2017). Exploring the role of phase-out policies for low-carbon energy transitions: The case of the German Energiewende. Energy Research and Social Science, 33(September), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.004
- RTS Corporation. (2025). Germany is rapidly expanding its PV installations based on the “Solar Power Generation Strategy.” https://www.rts-pv.com/en/points/15024/
- Saini, A., Brick, S., & Schüth, F. (2014). Germany’s Energiewende pushes for renewables. MRS Bulletin, 39(9), 770–771. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.201
- Schill, W.-P., Guéret, A., Roth, A., & Schmidt, F. (2025). Germany should accelerate its renewable energy transition. Communications Earth & Environment, 6(1), 859. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02919-5
- SMARD. (2023). The electricity market in 2022. https://www.smard.de/page/en/topic-article/207552/209668/the-electricity-market-in-2022
- Sovacool, B. K., & Mukherjee, I. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring energy security: A synthesized approach. Energy, 36(8), 5343–5355.
- Uibeleisen, M., & Groneberg, S. (2024). Solarpaket I: Overview of the Main New Solar Regulation in Germany. Mc Dermott Will & Schulte. https://www.mcdermottlaw.com/insights/solar-package-1-overview-of-the-main-new-solar-regulation-in-germany/
- Umweltbundesamt. (2026). Renewable energies in figures. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/climate-energy/renewable-energies/renewable-energies-in-figures
- Zed, M. (2008). Metode penelitian kepustakaan. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.