Vol. 16 No. 1 (2024): Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan
Artikel

CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC RISK FACTORS WITHIN CHILD TRAFFICKING IN SOMALIA

Nabila Triwulandari Arianto
Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Sebelas Maret
Bio
Jasmine Nabila Sofie
Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Sebelas Maret
Bio
Zsa Zsa Nurfajriah Mallu
Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Sebelas Maret
Bio
Dina Pasya Surayya
Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Sebelas Maret
Bio
Septyanto Galan Prakoso
Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Sebelas Maret Institute of Political Science National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
Bio

Published 2024-03-17

Keywords

  • Child Trafficking,
  • Socio-Economic Factor,
  • Somalia,
  • Covid-19

Abstract

Children are one of the victims of human trafficking in Somalia. In 2020 alone, there were approximately 3.100 victims of child trafficking in Somalia. Most incidents involve are child abductions for various reasons, including armed groups and even sex workers. The Covid-19 pandemic somehow made the condition worse, when the problem of trafficking amplified by the socio-economic factors. The purpose of this research is to answer the question of how socioeconomic factors contribute to Somalia's high rate of child trafficking, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research will employ a descriptive qualitative method, and rely on secondary data sources in the form of literature studies employing journal articles, news, official government documents and archives, and other supplementary data. Human security concept and human needs theory will be utilized to support the analysis on this study. In addition, this research seeks to serve as a resource for readers and academicians who study child trafficking cases, especially in Somalia. This study found that the prevalence of child trafficking in Somalia influenced by-the country's socio-economic climate, specifically during Covid-19 pandemic. 

References

  1. Books
  2. Andersen-Rodgers, D., & Crawford, K. F. (2022). Human Security: Theory and Action. In Google Books. Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Human_Security.html?id=AdaEEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
  3. Bach, J.-N. (2022). Routledge Handbook of the Horn of Africa. In Google Books. Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=K2JkEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA411&dq=scic+somalia+2018&ots=c74yyw9PmU&sig=PMwy2uLdjCflPp9PXW5eDUCOFrw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  4. Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2018). Qualitative Research Methods. Boston: Pearson.
  5. Clarke, W. S., Clarke, W., & Herbst, J. (2018). Learning from Somalia The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention. Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429499289-19/somalia-future-humanitarian-intervention-walter-clarke-jeffrey-herbst
  6. Cullen-DuPont, K. (2009). Human Tafficking. New York: Infobase Publishing. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=B2GeSNXy5CoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
  7. D’Addario, F. J. (2013). Personal Safety and Security Playbook. Elsevier.
  8. Dalby, S. (2022). Rethinking Environmental Security. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  9. Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., & Newman, P. K. (1989). Social economics. New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton.
  10. Edelman, P. B. (2019). Not a crime to be poor : the criminalization of poverty in America. New York: The New Press.
  11. Flick, U. (2018). The Sage handbook of qualitative data collection. Los Angeles: Sage Reference.
  12. Goodman, N. (1978). Ways of worldmaking. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett.
  13. Hart, C. (2018). Doing a Literature Review : Releasing the Research Imagination (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
  14. Kaldor, M. (2013). Human Security. John Wiley & Sons.
  15. Maslow, A. H. (2021). A Theory of Human Motivation (Hardcover Library Edition). General Press.
  16. Matcas, V. (2013). The Human Needs. Valentin Leonard Matcas. (Original work published 1901)
  17. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2020). Qualitative Data Analysis: a Methods Sourcebook (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
  18. Pablo Arconada Ledesma. (2023). Historia de Somalia. LOS LIBROS DE LA CATARATA. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Historia_de_Somalia.html?id=fOe1EAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
  19. Peters, A. W. (2015). Responding to human trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in the Law. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  20. PHILLIPS, A. B. (2007). Constructivism. In International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge.
  21. Sadler, R. (2019). Vulnerable: rethinking human trafficking. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group.
  22. Samantar, M., & Abdulahi, U. (2020). The Economic Impacts of Covid-19 on Somalia.
  23. Singer, P. W. (2009). Children at war. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  24. Tynes, R. (2018). Tools of war, tools of state: when children become soldiers. Albany: State University Of New York Press.
  25. Umar, D. (2017). Dasar-Dasar Hubungan Internasional Edisi Pertama. Kencana.
  26. Journals
  27. Das, D. (2022). Slavery and Forced Labour. Indian Journal of Integrated Research in Law, 2 Part 1(II), 1. Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/injloitd2&div=128&id=&page=
  28. Guérin, I., & Venkatasubramanian, G. (2020). The socio-economy of debt. Revisiting debt bondage in times of financialization. Geoforum, 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.05.020
  29. Horgan, J. G., Taylor, M., Bloom, M., & Winter, C. (2016). From Cubs to Lions: A Six Stage Model of Child Socialization into the Islamic State. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(7), 645–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2016.1221252
  30. Ingiriis, M. H. (2018). From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia. African Studies Review, 61(2), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.144
  31. Rosen, D. M. (2005). Armies of the young: child soldiers in war and terrorism. New Brunswick (N.J.): Rutgers University Press, Cop.
  32. Sari, A. G., Murty, H., & Sulistyo, H. (2021). TINDAK PIDANA PERDAGANGAN MANUSIA DITINJAU DARI HUKUM NASIONAL DAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL. Transparansi Hukum, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.30737/transparansi.v4i1.1505
  33. Siti Muazaroh, & Subaidi. (2019). KEBUTUHAN MANUSIA DALAM PEMIKIRAN ABRAHAM MASLOW (TINJAUAN MAQASID SYARIAH). Al-Mazaahib: Jurnal Perbandingan Hukum, 7(1), 17–33. Retrieved from https://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/syariah/almazahib/article/view/1877/1359
  34. Yusuf, A., Muturi, W., Mohamed, S., & Samantar. (2019). FACTORS INFLUENCING YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN PUNTLNAD STATE OF SOMALIA FOR THE CASE OF GAROWE DISTRICT. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches, 6(3), 2308–1365. Retrieved from http://www.ijcar.net/assets/pdf/Vol6-No3-March2019/15.pdf
  35. Research Reports
  36. Abdi, M., Tutor, E., Ewald, J., & Alldén, S. (2021). Post Conflict National reconciliation in Somalia Bachelor thesis on Peace and Development Studies (20HT-2FU33E). Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1525940/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  37. Menkhaus, K. (2018). Elite Bargains and Political Deals Project: Somalia Case Study. Retrieved from https://hiiraan.com/pdf_files/2019/Mar/Somalia_case_study.pdf
  38. Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education of Somalia. (2018). FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF SOMALIA Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education - MoECHE Annual Education Statistics. Retrieved from https://moe.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Education-Statistics-2019.pdf
  39. Muhammad, I. (2016). Overview of Corruption, Underlying Causes, and its Impacts in Somalia! Retrieved from http://legacycentersom.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Research-on-Corruption-and-its-Impacts-in-Somalia.pdf
  40. Pavey, A. (2023, April 7). 2022 Human Rights Reports: Insights Into Global Child Soldier Recruitment & Use • Stimson Center. Retrieved June 1, 2023, from Stimson Center website: https://www.stimson.org/2023/2022-human-rights-reports-insights-into-global-child-soldier-recruitment-use/
  41. Yudhatama, A. (2022). IMPLEMENTASI PROTOKOL PALERMO PADA KASUS HUMAN TRAFFICKING DI MALAYSIA TAHUN 2015-2018. Repository.upnjatim.ac.id. http://repository.upnjatim.ac.id/10765/
  42. Official Publications
  43. BAREISAITE, A., AGA, G. A., & AHAD, T. (2022, May 5). Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from Somalia’s Businesses. Retrieved August 10, 2023, from blogs.worldbank.org website: https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic-perspectives-somalias-businesses
  44. Bureau of International Labor Affairs - US Department of Labor. (2021). MINIMAL ADVANCEMENT -EFFORTS MADE BUT CONTINUED PRACTICE THAT DELAYED ADVANCEMENT 1 2021 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2021/Somalia.pdf
  45. Bloom, M. (2019). Dying to kill: The allure of suicide terror. Retrieved from Columbia University Press
  46. BTI Transformation Index. (2023). BTI 2022 Somalia Country Report. Retrieved from BTI 2022 website: https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/SOM
  47. Global Integrity. (2016). Africa Integrity Indicators - Round 4 Country Findings - Algeria. Retrieved June 1, 2023, from Global Integrity website: https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/AII4-Findings-
  48. Human Rights Watch. (2021, December 22). Somalia: Events of 2021. Retrieved from Human Rights Watch website: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/somalia
  49. International Labor Organization. (2023, May). Member states. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/member-states/lang--en/index.htm
  50. International Labour Organization. (2019). Mission and impact of the ILO. Retrieved from Ilo.org website: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/lang--en/index.htm
  51. International Labour Organization. (2023). The worst forms of child labour (IPEC). Retrieved September 12, 2023, from ilo.org website: https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Campaignandadvocacy/Youthinaction/C182-Youth-orientated/worstforms/lang--en/index.htm
  52. International Labour Organization. (2022). What is child labour (IPEC). Retrieved May 23, 2023, from Ilo.org website: https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm
  53. International Labour Organization. (n.d.). USIA MINIMUM UNTUK DIPERBOLEHKAN BEKERJA K138. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/legaldocument/wcms_124566.pdf
  54. Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development. (n.d.). National Development Plan. Retrieved from Ministry of Planning website: https://mop.gov.so/national-development-plan/
  55. Thévenon, O., & Edmonds, E. (2019). Child labour: Causes, consequences and policies to tackle it. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 235. https://doi.org/10.1787/f6883e26-en
  56. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND, (2001). https://www.govsomaliland.org/article/chapter-two
  57. The World Bank. (n.d.). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved June 5, 2023, from World Bank Open Data website: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=XL-SO
  58. UNODC. (n.d.). Global Overview. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2022/GLOTiP_2022_chapter_1_Global_Overview_230123.pdf
  59. UNICEF. (2017). UNICEF Somalia: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Retrieved from UNICEF website: https://www.unicef.org/somalia/wes.html
  60. UNICEF. (2019). Child protection. Retrieved May 8, 2023, from www.unicef.org website: https://www.unicef.org/somalia/child-protection
  61. UNICEF. (2022). Education. Www.unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/somalia/education
  62. United Nations. (2000, November 15). Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Retrieved from OHCHR website: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-prevent-suppress-and-punish-trafficking-persons
  63. United Nations. (2022a). List of LDCs | Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/list-ldcs
  64. United Nations. (2022b, November 9). Experts of the Committee against Torture Commend Somalia on Progress in Rebuilding State and Government Institutions, Raise Questions on the Definition of Torture and the Death Penalty. Retrieved from OHCHR website: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/11/experts-committee-against-torture-commend-somalia-progress-rebuilding-state
  65. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. (2020, January). Somalia National Development Plan 2020 to 2024 (NDP-9) | Arab National Development Planning Portal. Retrieved from andp.unescwa.org website: https://andp.unescwa.org/plans/1245
  66. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2021). Human Trafficking. Retrieved from United Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime website: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-Trafficking/Human-Trafficking.html
  67. United State Department of State. (2023, April 6). Somalia - United States Department of State. Retrieved June 5, 2023, from United States Department of State website: https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/somalia/#:~:text=Somali%20children%20working%20in%20the
  68. US Department of Labor. (2021). MINIMAL ADVANCEMENT -EFFORTS MADE BUT CONTINUED PRACTICE THAT DELAYED ADVANCEMENT 1 2021 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2021/Somalia.pdf
  69. US Department of States. (2015). Somalia Human Rights Report - United States Department of State. Retrieved June 1, 2023, from United States Department of State website: https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252939.pdf
  70. World Bank. (2018). School Entrance Age: Duration and Official Ages for School Cycle. Retrieved from https://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/EPDC_NEP_2018_Somalia.pdf
  71. World Bank. (2021, June 29). Girls in Somalia to Benefit from Enhanced Access to Education. Retrieved August 27, 2023, from World Bank website: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/06/29/girls-in-somalia-to-benefit-from-enhanced-access-to-education
  72. World Bank. (2022). Somalia Economic Update, June 2022.
  73. Annual Reports
  74. African Development Bank. (2020, July 16). Somalia - Consumer Price Index - June 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2023, from Banque africaine de développement - Faire la différence website: https://www.afdb.org/fr/documents/somalia-consumer-price-index-june-2020
  75. Global Organized Crime Index. (2021). Criminality in Somalia - The Organized Crime Index. Retrieved from ocindex.net website: https://ocindex.net/country/somalia
  76. The World Bank Group. (2022, November 29). Somalia’s Economy Expected to Grow Despite Significant Shocks. Retrieved June 5, 2023, from World Bank website: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/29/somalia-s-economy-expected-to-grow-despite-significant-shocks#:~:text=NAIROBI%2C%20November%2029%2C%202022%20%E2%80%94
  77. U.S Department of State. (2022). 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved from United States Department of State website: https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/
  78. U.S Department of State. (n.d.). 2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: Somalia. Retrieved from United States Department of State website: https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/somalia/
  79. UNCTAD. (2022, October 20). UNCTADstat - General Profile: Somalia. Retrieved from UNCTADstat website: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/en-GB/706/index.html
  80. United States Department of State. (2017). Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved from United States Department of State website: https://www.state.gov/trafficking-in-persons-report/
  81. Articles
  82. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. (2023, May 9). Youth Unemployment Rate for Somalia. Retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis website: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SLUEM1524ZSSOM
  83. Lewis, I. M., & H.A. Janzen. (2019). Somalia - Civil war. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war
  84. Somalia Education Cluster. (2022). Somalia Drought Crisis: Education Cluster Secondary Data Review (SDR) Report. Retrieved from https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/secondary_data_review_drought_response_education_cluster_somalia_24_july_2022.pdf
  85. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2021). Somalia (SOM) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners | OEC. Retrieved June 5, 2023, from OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity website: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/som?depthSelector1=HS2Depth
  86. Walk Free. (2023). Global Slavery Index of Africa. Retrieved from https://www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/findings/regional-findings/africa/