Proposed design of prosthetic arm with the integration of Kano model and TRIZ method

Authors

  • Hapsoro Agung Jatmiko Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia
  • Azmi Nur Dyah Rahmaningtyas Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia
  • Fatma Hermining Astuti Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31315/opsi.v19i1.16334

Keywords:

Upper limb prosthetic, Gunungkidul, Kano, TRIZ

Abstract

Individuals with upper-limb disabilities face substantial limitations in performing daily activities. Statistics Indonesia reports that 62.59% of persons with disabilities have physical impairments, while the Special Region of Yogyakarta ranks among the three provinces with the highest prevalence of finger and hand mobility disorders, at 0.44%. However, most available prosthetic devices remain primarily cosmetic and provide limited functional performance, leaving users’ needs and expectations unmet. This study aims to design a functional prosthetic hand that addresses user requirements and expectations by integrating the Kano model and the TRIZ (Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch) method. The Kano model was applied to identify and classify user needs based on satisfaction levels, involving 15 individuals with upper-limb disabilities in Gunungkidul Regency. TRIZ was subsequently used to develop systematic and innovative design solutions. The proposed design emphasizes functionality, comfort, safety, ergonomics, ease of use, product quality, and aesthetic appearance. The design was validated through feedback from users and experts. Of the 13 respondents involved in the validation process, 11 agreed with the proposed design, while two recommended minor revisions to accommodate specific disability conditions. The final design consists of two prosthetic configurations: transhumeral and transradial prosthetic hands.

References

[1] C. Herneth, A. Ganguly, and S. Haddadin, “Functional kinematic and kinetic requirements of the upper limb during activities of daily living: a recommendation on necessary joint capabilities for prosthetic arms,” 2024 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 191–198, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:271957484

[2] L. C. Smail, C. Neal, C. Wilkins, and T. L. Packham, “Comfort and function remain key factors in upper limb prosthetic abandonment: findings of a scoping review,” Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol., vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 821–830, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1738567.

[3] S. Ardianuari, E. Pasaribu, G. Amannullah, A. Prana, and E. Widiyanta, “Assistive technology unmet need in Indonesia: challenges and opportunities for enhancing equitable access,” Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 2026–2037, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1080/17483107.2023.2244996.

[4] A. Caldas, D. Matos, A. de Eyto, and N. Martins, “Redefining Prosthetic Needs: Insights from Individuals with Upper Limb Loss—A Systematic Review,” Sensors, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 734, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.3390/s26020734.

[5] Government of Gunungkidul Regency, “General Overview of Gunungkidul Regency,” https://gunungkidulkab.go.id/gambaran-umum.

[6] G. R. Department of Health, “Overview of Gunungkidul Regency,” https://dinkes.gunungkidulkab.go.id/about.

[7] S. C. Henao, S. Cuartas-Escobar, S. Salazar-Salgado, and A. M. Posada-Borrero, “Upper-limb prosthetic requirements from the healthcare providers, end-users and relatives’ perspectives,” Journal of Hand Therapy, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 147–155, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2025.04.006.

[8] R. Collu, E. Ferrazzano, V. Murgia, C. Salis, and M. Barbaro, “The Technological and Psychological Aspects of Upper Limb Prostheses Abandonment: A Narrative Review,” Prosthesis, vol. 7, no. 6, p. 167, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.3390/prosthesis7060167.

[9] M. Mohebbian et al., “A Comprehensive Review of Myoelectric Prosthesis Control,” Jun. 2021. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2112.13192.

[10] T. Triwiyanto, S. Luthfiyah, L. Forra Wakidi, and B. Utomo, “Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost and Functional Prosthetic Hand Using 3D Printing Technology for a Member of the Association of Physical Disabilities Indonesia,” Frontiers in Community Service and Empowerment, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 60–65, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.35882/ficse.v2i3.51.

[11] F. Cordella et al., “Literature Review on Needs of Upper Limb Prosthesis Users,” Front. Neurosci., vol. 10, May 2016, doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00209.

[12] N. Ju, K.-H. Lee, M.-O. Kim, and Y. Choi, “A User-Driven Approach to Prosthetic Upper Limb Development in Korea,” Healthcare, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 839, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/healthcare9070839.

[13] R. I. Flores-Luna, J. M. Dorador-González, and A. Espinosa-Bautista, “Prosthesis Analysis Based on TRIZ,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 572, pp. 135–138, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.572.135.

[14] J. A. Teresi, X. Yu, A. L. Stewart, and R. D. Hays, “Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Feasibility Pilot Studies,” Med. Care, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 95–103, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000001664.

[15] E. R. van Teijlingen and V. Hundley, “The importance of pilot studies,” in social research UPDATE, vol. 35, United Kingdom: Department of Sociology University of Surrey Guildford, 2001.

[16] M. A. Bujang, E. D. Omar, D. H. P. Foo, and Y. K. Hon, “Sample size determination for conducting a pilot study to assess reliability of a questionnaire,” Restor. Dent. Endod., vol. 49, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.5395/rde.2024.49.e3.

[17] D. F. Polit, C. T. Beck, and S. V. Owen, “Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations,” Res. Nurs. Health, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 459–467, Aug. 2007, doi: 10.1002/nur.20199.

[18] V. Zamanzadeh, A. Ghahramanian, M. Rassouli, A. Abbaszadeh, H. Alavi-Majd, and A.-R. Nikanfar, “Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication,” J. Caring Sci., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 165–178, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.15171/jcs.2015.017.

[19] G. H. Poll, M. Mayes, and J. Petru, “Evidence to support test interpretation: Evaluating the content validity of a new item set for the Transition Pragmatics Interview,” Int. J. Speech. Lang. Pathol., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 809–819, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1080/17549507.2023.2287424.

[20] M. Li, Q. Gao, and T. Yu, “Kappa statistic considerations in evaluating inter-rater reliability between two raters: which, when and context matters,” BMC Cancer, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 799, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12885-023-11325-z.

[21] Z. Zhang et al., “Automated Classification of User Needs for Beginner User Experience Designers: A Kano Model and Text Analysis Approach Using Deep Learning,” AI, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 364–382, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ai5010018.

[22] H. Xu and H. Song, “Key Factors Influencing Chinese Consumers’ Demand for Naturally Dyed Garments: Data Analysis through KJ Method and KANO Model,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 1189, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16031189.

[23] Y. Tandiono and H. Rau, “An Enhanced Model Using the Kano Model, QFDE, and TRIZ with a Component-Based Approach for Sustainable and Innovative Product Design,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 527, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su15010527.

[24] N. Kano, N. Seraku, F. Takahashi, And S. Tsuji, “Attractive Quality and Must-Be Quality,” Journal of The Japanese Society for Quality Control, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 147–156, 1984, doi: 10.20684/quality.14.2_147.

[25] Y. Tandiono and H. Rau, “An Enhanced Model Using the Kano Model, QFDE, and TRIZ with a Component-Based Approach for Sustainable and Innovative Product Design,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 527, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su15010527.

[26] Z. Zhang et al., “Automated Classification of User Needs for Beginner User Experience Designers: A Kano Model and Text Analysis Approach Using Deep Learning,” AI, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 364–382, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ai5010018.

[27] Y. Borgianni, L. Fiorineschi, F. S. Frillici, and F. Rotini, “The process for individuating TRIZ Inventive Principles: Deterministic, stochastic or domain-oriented?,” Design Science, vol. 7, 2021, doi: 10.1017/dsj.2021.12.

[28] Z. Guo et al., “Exploring synergies between AIGC and TRIZ in the optimisation of road cone design through integrated innovation methods,” Journal of Engineering Design, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 256–275, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1080/09544828.2024.2373038.

[29] G. Santoso et al., “TRIZ-based method for developing a conceptual laparoscopic surgeon’s chair,” Cogent Eng., vol. 11, no. 1, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1080/23311916.2023.2298786.

[30] Y. Tandiono and H. Rau, “An Enhanced Model Using the Kano Model, QFDE, and TRIZ with a Component-Based Approach for Sustainable and Innovative Product Design,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 527, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su15010527.

[31] Hardi and L. Terbit, Statistika Untuk Penelitian. 2025.

[32] M. S. B. Yusoff, “ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation,” Education in Medicine Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 49–54, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6.

[33] L. L. Davis, “Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts,” Applied Nursing Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 194–197, Nov. 1992, doi: 10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4.

[34] J. Cohen, “A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales,” Educ. Psychol. Meas., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 37–46, Apr. 1960, doi: 10.1177/001316446002000104.

[35] J. R. Landis and G. G. Koch, “The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data,” Biometrics, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 159, Mar. 1977, doi: 10.2307/2529310.

[36] E. Sauerwein, F. Bailom, K. Matzler, and H. Hinterhuber, “The Kano Model: How to Delight Your Customers,” International Working Seminar on Production Economics, vol. 1, Jan. 1996.

[37] C. Berger et al., “Kano’s Methods For Understanding Customer-Defined Quality,” 1993. [Online]. Available: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6905614

[38] Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm TRIZ, Systematic Innovation and Technical Creativity. WORCESTER, MA: Technical Innovation Center, Inc., 2007.

[39] Karen Gadd, TRIZ For Engineers: Enabling Inventive Problem Solving. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.

[40] Antropometri Indonesia, “Data Antropometri,” https://antropometriindonesia.org/index.php/detail/artikel/4/10/data_antropometri.

[41] Hui Rong, Wei Liu, Jin Li, and Ziqian Zhou, “Product innovation design process combined Kano and TRIZ with AD: Case study,” PLoS One, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1–22, 2024.

[42] K. C. Yao et al., “Ergonomics in Bicycle Saddle Design: Application of TRIZ Innovation System Method with IPA-Kano Model Validation,” Designs (Basel)., vol. 8, no. 6, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.3390/designs8060114.

[43] Edita Rosana Widasari, “Pengoptimalan Gerakan Lengan Prostetik Bionik Menggunakan Decision Based Velocity Ramp,” Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 617–624, Jun. 2025.

Downloads

Published

2026-07-30

Issue

Vol. 19 No. 1 (2026): OPSI - June 2026

Section

Article

License

Authors who publish articles in this journal agree to the following conditions:

  1. Copyright remains with the author and gives the Opsi journal the right as a priority to publish its articles with Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Which allows articles to be shared with acknowledgement of the author of the article and this journal as the place of publication.
  2. Authors can distribute their articles on a non-exclusive basis (e.g. in university repositories or books) with notification or acknowledgement of publication in Opsi journals.
  3. Authors are allowed to post their work online (e.g. on a personal website or in a university repository) before and after the submission process (see The Effect of Open Access)
 

Lisensi Creative Commons

This work is Licensed Under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.